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Histo > Male accessory glands > Flashcards

Male accessory glands Flashcards

1
Q

Seminal vesicles

What are they?

Function?

A

Paired, elongated, high-coiled tubular glands on the posterior wall of the urinary bladder

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2
Q

Function of seminal vesicles

A

Secrete and store seminal fluid

These alkaline secretions form 60-70% of seminal fluid and are expelled in the second fraction of the ejaculate to

  • wash sperm out of the ejaculatory duct & urethra
  • dilute the thick mass of sperm so they can be motile
  • neutralize acidity of vagina
  • energy source for sperm via fructose
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3
Q

Describe the seminal vesicle secretion

A
  • Fructose - source of energy for spermatozoa
  • Prostaglandins - stimulate contractions to transport sperm
  • Fibrinogen - precursor of fibrin to clot the semen deep in the vagina
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4
Q

Appearance of seminal vesicle

A
  • One large lumen that stores seminal fluids
  • Convoluted folds in mucosa to increase secretory surface area
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w
    • tall non-ciliated secretory columnar cells
    • short, round basal cells
    • simple columnar cells
  • Connective tissue lamina propria w elastic fibers
  • Muscularis - inner circular & outer longitudinal for ejaculation
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5
Q

Are there sperm in here?

A

no - this is the seminal vesicle (seminal fluid)

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6
Q

The secretory funciton and morphology of the seminal vesicles is controlled by

A

testosterone

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7
Q

What kind of epithelium do seminal vesicles have?

A

Pseudostratified columnar

note: basal cells at the arrows

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8
Q

How can you differentiate the oviduct ampulla form teh seminal vesicle?

A

Oviduct folds don’t connect because it wants to let the ovum through; its more round; it has peg cells

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9
Q

Prostate surrounds the __ just below the ___

A

Surrounds the urethra

Just below the urinary bladder

It’s the largest accessory male sex gland

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10
Q

Prostatic fluid function

A
  • Clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
    • Clotting enzymes act on fibrinogen from seminal vesicles -> fibrin, which clots the semen in deep vagina -> fibrinolysin breaks down the seminal clot to release motile sperm in the female tract
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): serine protease to liquefy coagulated semen
    • Usually very low in the blood, but
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11
Q

Prostate gland function

A
  • Secretes and stores a thin, milky, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 25-30% of seminal fluid
    • Expelled in the first ejaculate fraction (mixed seminal + prostatic fluid in the ejaculatory duct)
  • PSA, clotting enzymes, and fibrinolysin
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12
Q

What cells of the prostate gland produce the enzymes?

A

epithelial cells

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13
Q

PSA - clinical marker

A

Prostate cancer patients & Prostatitis (benign prostatic hyperplasia) have a lot of PSA misdirected into the blood

The only way to differentiate is via biopsy or rectal exam

Previously PAP was used instead of PSA as a marker for prostate cancer

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14
Q

Prostate gland structure

A

30-50 tubuloalveolar exocrine glands embedded in fibromuscular stroma and emptying into excurrent ducts that open to the urethra.

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15
Q

What is the brownish bluish part that makes up the majority of this photo?

A

Fibromuscular stroma of the prostate!

smooth muscle mixed w collagenous ct

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16
Q

Prostatic glandular epithelium

A

Has all kinds!

  • Mostly simple columnar
  • Patches of simple cuboidal, squamous, pseudostratified (pictured)
  • Changes to transitional epithelium near opening of ducts into urethra
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17
Q

5a-reductase

A

in prostate

converts testosterone & adrenal androgens to DHT (most potent androgen)–> growth of normal prostatic epithelium and proliferation

DHT responsible for the growth of BPH and prostate cancer.

18
Q

Identify

A

Tubuloalveolar glands

&

fibromuscular stroma (red smoothmuscle + pale ct)

= prostate gland

19
Q

Prostatic concretions (corpora amylacea)

A

Characteristic feature of prostate in the alveoli

Concentric lamellated bodies formed by precipitation of secretory material around cell fragments

Increases w age (like brain sand in pineal gland)

20
Q

How to differentiate between prostate gland and the lactating mammary gland?

A

Mammary gland has

  • clear lobules
  • no concretions, just milk
  • no smooth muscle
21
Q

Division of adult prostatic parenchyma into 4 zones

A

Peripheral zone surrounding distal urethra

Central zone surrounding the ejaculatory duct

Transitional zone surounding the proximal urethra

Periurethral zone next to proximal urethra

22
Q

Prostate cancer is most common in which region of the prostate?

A

Peripheral zone is most susceptible to inflammation and prostate cancer - this is what we’re palpating upon digital recti exam

Because it’s only surrounding the distal urethra, early prostate cancer usually doesn’t come w clear symptoms

23
Q

What zone of the prostate is responsible for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and ~34% of prostate cancers?

A

Transitional zone surrounding proximal prostatic urethra

–> patients have problems urinating during BPH because of the nodular masses compressing the urethra

24
Q

In the later stage of BPH, the ____ zone may undergo pathologic growth but mainly from the __ compartment

A

Periurethral zone

Mainly stromal compartments –> worsens urethral compression & urine retention in the bladder

25
Q

The fibromuscular stroma of the prostate gland is ___ connective tissue w large amts of ___muscle fibers occupying the __ surface of the prostate gland.

A

The fibromuscular stroma of the prostate gland is dense irregular ct w large amts of smooth muscle occupying the anterior surface of the prostate gland.

26
Q

Prostate cancer review

A
27
Q

Which side is abnormal for the prostate gland? Whats wrong?

A

Left side is prostate cancer - not as much stroma bc so many cells invade the basement membrane

28
Q

Prostate cancer treatment

A

Orchiectomy (testis removal) & radiation, but hormone therapy is the best:

  • GnRH agonists or antagonists to reduce circulating androgens
  • Androgen receptor antagonists

Almost always leads to recurrence -> mortality

29
Q

Orchiectomy

A

remove testis in prostate gland

low T & DHT –> high LH & FSH

30
Q

GnRH antagonists and GnRH agonists in response to prostate cancer

A

GnRH antagonists work bc they immediately stop LH to suppress T –> low LH, T, DHT, and FSH

GnRH agonists will produce an initial surge in LH, FSH, T, and DHT, but the continuous (nonpulstaile) pituitary stimulation will downregulate and desensitize the GnRH receptor –> ow LH, T, DHT, and FSH

31
Q

Cowper’s / Bulbourethral glands

function

A

Secrete a clear, mucus-like pre-ejaculate to lubricate the urethra for sperm transport

Neutralizes acidic urine in urethra

Flush out residual urine or foreign matter

32
Q

Semen

pre-ejaculate, first fraction, second fraction

A

10% sperm, 90% plasma

Pre-ejaculate: bulbourethral gland

First fraction of ejaculate: sperm & prostatic fluid

Second fraction: seminal vesicle secretion

33
Q

Recap on glands

A
34
Q

contribution of excretory system to sperm production

A
35
Q
A
36
Q
A

BPH

Not all BPH pts have high PSA

37
Q

BPH treatment

A

Remember that DHT is the main androgen at play

38
Q

three erectile tissues of the penis

A

corpora cavernosa- 2 dorsal masses

copora spongiosum - 1 ventral mass

tunica albuginea wraps the whole thing

39
Q

Corpora Cavernousa

A
  • Contains most of the blood
  • Contain numerous wide, irregularly shaped vascular spaces lined with endothelium
    • Surrounded by thin trabeculae (collagen+elastic fibers+smooth muscle), which is why blood tends to go more here instead of spongiosum
  • Central artery that gives off corkscrew-shaped helicine arteries (if flaccid)
    • Helicine arteries are distributed through trabeculae and open into vascular spaces; dilates during erection
40
Q
A

corpus cavernosa

you can see corkscrew-shaped helices arteries

41
Q

corpus spongiosum

A
42
Q
A

spongiosum

Histo (20 decks)

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