Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Hematoxylin is

A

a basic dye for acidic structures

Stains nuclei, ribosomes, roughER, DNA, RNA, keratohyalin granules, calcified material blue

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2
Q

Tissue preparation

A
  • Fixate
  • Dehydrate
  • Clearing - immerse in ethanol
  • Infiltrate - place in melted parrafin
  • Embedding
  • Trimming
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3
Q

Eosin is

A

an acidic dye for basic strcutres

STains proteins, cytoplasm, collagen, lewy bodies, mallory bodies pink

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4
Q

Periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS)

A

Stains specific cellular compartments and carbohydrates pink

PAS positive: mucins, glycogen, glycocalyx

Nucleu slooks blue or dark-purple

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5
Q

Masson’s trichrome

A

Used on connective tissue, cartilage, and collagen

Nucleus - black/brown

Keratin, muscle fibers - red

Cytoplasm - pink

Collagen & bone - blue or green

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6
Q

Do ribosomes have a membrane?

A

No

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7
Q

PS, PE, PI are all phospholipids located where

A

On the P-face, intracellular

Involved in coagulation, apoptosis, membrane trafficking, signaling

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8
Q

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Sphingomyelin (SPH) are where?

A

on the E-face

Involved in myelin sheath and signaling

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9
Q

Sphingomyelinase

A

Is on the P-face, but hydrolyzes sphingomyelin on the E-face

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10
Q

Lipid rafts contain high concentrations of

A

Cholestserol and glycosphingolipids

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11
Q

Importnace of lipid rafts

A
  • Reduces membrane fluidity –> proteins in close proximity interact more efficiently
  • Cell-adhesion
  • Cell-cell signaling
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12
Q

Transmembrane proteins (receptors, ion channels) and Lipid-anchored proteins (GPI-linked proteins) are ___ proteins.

A

Integral proteins

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13
Q

Spectrin

A

Peripheral protein on the P-face that gives RBCs its concave shape by anchoring actin

the spectrin-actin complex is anchored to the cell membrane by ankyrin

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14
Q

What form of endocytosis (phago, pino, receptor-mediated) is clathrin-dependent?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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15
Q

What form of endocytosis (phago, pino, receptor-mediated) is actin-dependent?

A

Phagocytosis

Actin forms a pseudopod that forms a phagosome and engulfs the object –> matures into a lysosome

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16
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

signaling molecule is a cell membrane-bound protein that binds surface receptors of the targe tcell when the two cells make direct physical contact

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17
Q

Niemann-Pick Disease - what is it and what are the symptoms

A

Deficiency of sphingomyelinase on the P face –> sphingomyelin accumulates on the E face

  • Jaundice
  • Neurological damage
  • Enlarged liver
  • Large, fluffy white cells
  • Abetaproteinemia –> spiky RBCs (acanthocytes)
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18
Q

Multiple sclerosis (caused by viral infection, treated w interferons) causes an increase in what?

A

Cytokines that activate sphingomyelinase

–> excessive degradation of myelin sheath (neurodegenerative)

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19
Q

Cystic fibrosis involves a defect in

A

Cl- channel

–> Cl- can’t leave the cell, so it pulls water in with it, thus engorging the cell to become thick and sticky

20
Q

Cystinuria

A

Defective cystine carrier protein in the lumen of the renal proximal tubule –> cystine protein can’t enter the cell, so it leaves through the urine and causes kidney stones

21
Q

Statins enhance endocytosis of LDL from the blood. Endocytosis of LDL differs from phagocytosis how?

A

It uses clathrin-coated pits because it’s a receptor mediated endocytosis

22
Q

Primary cilia

A

Are on every cell; they are nonmotile; lack dynein; and don’t have a central microtubule pair (9+0 arrangement)

May act as receptors

23
Q

What do you call the bridges linking microtubule pairs of an axoneme

A

Nexin

Note: Axoneme = 9+2

24
Q

The most abundant protein in the cell cortex cross-linked with actin is

A

filamin

Important for actin’s role in cell-cell junctions

25
Q

For cilia and flagella to move (microtubules), dynein has to use __

For actin to produce contracitle forces , myosin has to use ___

A

Both have to use ATP

26
Q

Aggresomal response

A

When the cell is damaged, the intermediate filament network collapses and forms masses of damaged proteins to be degraded.

Occurs in liver cells in response to excessive alcohol (forms Mallory’s hyaline) and in Parkinson’s (form’s Lewy bodies)

27
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

Defective microtubules can’t mobilize cilia

–> sperm immotility, infertility in women, messed up respiratory system

28
Q

Colchicine

A

Prevents tubulin polymerization so that neutrophils can’t migrate to urate crystal deposits during gout

29
Q

Vinblastine & Vincristine(Oncovin) vs Paclitaxel/Taxol

A

The V’s inhibit formation of the mitotic spindle so cancer cells and proliferate.

Paclitaxel stabilizes mt’s from depolymerizing to arrest the cancer cell.

30
Q

Cytochalasin B, and cytochalasin D from fungi

A

Prevents actin polymerization at the + end –> inhibits lymphocyte migraiton, phagocytosis, and cell division

31
Q

Phalloidin from poisonous mushrooms

A

Stabilize actin filaments from depolymerizing –> cell death

32
Q

Mutations in neurofilaments are common in what disease

A

Alzheimer’s ; forms neurofibrillary tangles

33
Q

Mutations in the GFAP gene that give rise to masses of GFAP that interfere with astrocyte mitosis. What disease?

A

Alexander disease

Leukoencephalopathy, macrocephaly, seizures, psychomotor impairment, death as a child

34
Q

Mallory bodies: Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions composed of keratin intermediate filaments

What does a build up of these indicate?

A

Alcoholic liver cirrhosis

35
Q

Nuclear import or export requires

A

GTP hydrolysis

36
Q

What type of cell death is this?:

Caspase-induced; results in rounded cells; blebs at the cell periphery; cytoplasm stians darker; cell becomes fragmented into bodies phagocytosed by macrophages

A

apoptosis

37
Q

What type fo cell deaht is this?

cells get swollen and release their intracellular components into the extracellular space, stimulating macrophages and inflammation; these cells and their remnants are not phagocytosed

A

Necrosis

38
Q

Paraptosis

A

Induced by growth factor receptors (like insulin)

Mediated by MAPK’s

Forms multiple large vacuoles and swollen mitochodnria

39
Q

Pyroptosis

A

Induced by infection

Mediated by caspase-1, which activates IL-1 and IL-18 –> inflammation

40
Q

Start/restriction checkpoint

A

Occurs right before S

41
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

Ensures that DNA replication is complete

42
Q

Spindle checkpoint

A

During metaphase

Ensures that all chromosomes will be segregated

43
Q

Abnormal complexes of the ETC cause symptoms of:

Muscle weakness, ataxia, seizures, cardiac, and respiratory failure with ragged red fibers on a gomori trichrome stain

What disease is this?

A

Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (an example of mitochondrial cytopathy

44
Q

What enzyme is deficient in Tay-sachs, resulting in a build up of gangliosides?

A

Hexosaminidase A

45
Q

Inability of peroxisomes to incorporate their enzymes because their signaling receptors are missing from the membrane –> Abnormal myelination of nerve cells.

What disease is this?

A

Zellwegger

46
Q

Vesicle of a Golgi apparatus that is destined to become part of other organelles is likely to have what on their membrane?

A

COPII for intracellular anterograde transport