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Histo > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of cartilage and their locations

A

Hyaline cartilage: nose, articular joints, intercostal joints, rings of the trachea/lungs/larynx

Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis

Elastic cartilage: external ear and epiglottis

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2
Q

What kind of cartilage is this?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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3
Q

What kind of cartilage is this?

A

Elastic cartilage

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4
Q

What kind of cartilage is this?

A

Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

How do chondrocytes receive nutrients?

A

By diffusion because cartilage is AVASCULAR

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6
Q

Components of cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

Collagen & elastic fibers

Ground substance (lots of GAGs, proteoglycans)

Matrix is the functional component

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7
Q

Ground substance is ___philic

A

Basophilic because of its high carbohydrate concentration (lots og GAGs, proteoglycans)

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8
Q

Chondrocytes have well developed ___ and have __.

A

rERs because they’re constantly secreting proteins

Also have lipids

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9
Q

Describe the ring around chondrocytes

A

Lacunae: cavity in the ECM that chondrocytes sit in

The ring its territorial matrix is slightly darker, but the ones that are farther out between the cells that is barely stained is the interterritorial/interstitial matrix

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10
Q

Type __ collagen is in the territorial matrix

A

Type II collagen

There are also proteoglycans

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11
Q

Describe the main fibers in hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

A

Hyaline = type II collagen

Elastic = elastic fibers (requires special stain)

Fibrocartilage = type I collagen (network) as dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

Explain the color differences between perichondrium and cartilage?

A

There’s a collagen (pink) in both, but there’s so much more ground substance (basophilic) in the cartilage

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13
Q

Two types of chondrogenesis

A

Appositional growth: at the surface of existing cartilage, perichondrial cells differentiate into chondroblasts

  • Growth in girth of cartilage

Interstitial growth: within the cartilage plate, pre-existing chondrocytes are dividing mitotically

  • Occurs in the early phases of cartilage formation to lengthen long bones
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14
Q

Describe the composition of the hyaline cartilage matrix

A

Capsular (pericellular) matrix

Territorial matrix

Interterritorial matrix

–

Collagen type II

Aggrecan (proteoglycan)

Chondronectin (glycoproein)

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15
Q

Describe the two layers of perichondrium

A

Outer fibrous layer: dense connective tissue = type I collagen + fibroblasts

Inner chondrogenic layer: chondroblasts; give rise to new cartilage

From top to bottom, you can see the progenitors > chondroblasts > chondrocytes

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16
Q

___ cartilage forms the fetal skeleton that will be replaced by bone through endochondral ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What kind of cartilage does not calcify with age?

A

Elastic cartilage

  • Appositional growth
  • type II collagen + elastic fibers
  • Ears, epiglottis
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18
Q

What kind of cartilage does not have perichondrium? What is this cartilage type mostly made up of and how does it look ona lside?

A

Fibrocartilage

  • Mostly type I collagen, some Type II collagen
  • Cells align in an organized fashion to resist compression and shearing forces
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19
Q

What happens if you damage the perichondrium, which is responsible for supplying nutrition to the tissues via diffusion?

A

Fibroblasts in it will form scar tissue instead of chondrogenic cells

20
Q

Lamellar/compact/mature bone vs Woven/primary/immature bone

A

Lamellar/compact/mature bone - regular alignment of collagen fiber

Woven/primary/immature bone - irregular alignment of collagen fiber

21
Q

Osteon / Haversian system

A

the circular unit found within the compact portion of mature bone

22
Q

Longitudinal Haversian Canal

A

Vertical blood vessel channels

23
Q

Transverse / oblique / Volkmann’s canal

A

Horizontal blood vessel channels

24
Q

Interstitial lamellae

Outer cicumferential lamellae

Inner circumferential lamellae

A

Lamellae between osteons

The most external layers of compact bone

The most internal layers of compact bone

25
Q

Outer vs Inner Periosteum

A

Outer periosteum: Type I collagen dense connective tissue called Sharpley’s fibers penetrate the bone matrix to bind the periosteum to the bone

Inner periosteum: composed of osteoprogenitor cells, which can differentiate into osteoblasts and help bone growth/repair

26
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines internal cavities within the bone

Composed of osteo-progenitor cells with little connective tissue, so it’s thinner than periosteum.

27
Q
A
28
Q

Components of bone

A
  • Cells: osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
  • Fibers: type I collagen
  • Ground substance: mineralized, so it stains (unlike cartilage)
  • Extracellular matrix- mostly inorganic
    • Calcium phosphate w/ hydroxyapatite
    • ​ type I collagen, proteoglycans, non-collagenous proteins
29
Q

Specailized fibroblasts derived from mesenchyme desitned to become osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

30
Q

Ostoeblasts

A

Large cells that enable bone production by releasing

  • Matrix proteins (osteo calcin & RANK),
  • Type I collagen
  • Matrix vesicles (e.g. alkaline phsophatase​) that help mineralize bone
31
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature cells of mature bones; highly branched and allows cell-cell communication via gap jxns

Formed when osteoblasts and their secretions get trapped in teh osteoid and ground substance

32
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large, multinucleated eosinophilic cells derived from bone marrow (monocytes); reabsorbs bone (forms howship’s lacuna when doing so)

33
Q

Bone mineralization

A
  1. Osteoblasts secrete osteocalcium, which recruits more calcium
  2. Positive feedback of calcium secretion increases seretion of matrix vesicles containing proteins
  3. Calcium & phosphate reach their needed concentrations –> mineralize and calcify into calcium-phosphate
34
Q

Most of osteogenesis occurs when?

A

as a fetus

35
Q

Intermembranous ossification - where and steps

A
  1. Osteoblasts start secreting osteoid into mesenchymal connective tissue
  2. Primary bone patches within the connective tissue form and grow by appositional growth
  3. Growth slows as patches on the outer surface merge into compact bone and patches in the marrow cavity become spongy bone
  4. Connective tissue is replaced with adipose or hematopoietic tissue

Where: most of skull, diaphyseal shafts of long bones

36
Q

Endochondral ossification in long & short bones

A
  1. Chondroblasts in the condensed mesenchyme grow the cartilage, then start being replaced w bone
  2. Bone collar formation in the perichondrium along the middle of the diaphysis
    1. Chondrocytes hypertrophy, deposit calcium phosphate into the matrix, and die
  3. Primary ossification center formation
    1. Blood vessels penetrate the bone collar through channels created by osteoclasts
    2. Osteoprogenitor cells enter and produce osteoblasts that deposit primary bone on the cartilage matrix
  4. Diaphysis expands via intramembranous ossification while marrow cavity enlarges by osteoclasts
  5. Secondary ossification center formation: after birth, blood vessels invade the epiphyses
  6. Epiphyseal growth plate (band of hyaline cartilage) remains between the primary and secondary centers; expands and supplies matrix for ossification
  7. Bone increases in length until the growth plate disappears in your 20s
37
Q

From epiphyseal to metaphyseal, whats the order of the zones of epiphyseal plate?

A

Resting > Proliferation > Maturation & hypertrophy > Calcifcation & cell death > Ossification

38
Q

Zone of resting/reserve cartilage

A

Chondrocytes here serve as a reservoir of cells to supply the rest of the zones

39
Q

Zone of proliferaiton

A

Chondrocytes are actively dividing, creating columns of cells parallel to the long axis of the bone

Secretes type II collagen and other matrix components for hyaline cartilage

40
Q

Zone of maturation/hypertrophy

A

Cells stop dividing, swell up, and secrete collagen & proteins to promote calcification

41
Q

Zone of calcification & cell death

A

Chondrocytes die as the matrix accumulates hydroxyapatite

42
Q

Zone of ossification

A

Osteoprogenitor cells invade teh matrix and produce osteoblasts that begin creating woven bone on teh calcified matrix

43
Q

Endochondral ossificiation is built on ___ plates

A

cartilage plates

44
Q

What cell/type of growth is responsible for the bone growing in length?

A

Chondrocytes - the CARTILAGE- grows as they divide (interstitial growth) –> bone grows in length

45
Q

Th bone grows in girth thanks to __ cells in the ___.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum

46
Q

Name these

A
47
Q

Identify

A

Histo (20 decks)

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