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Histo > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic vessels deliver lymph to what two veins?

A

internal jugular & subclavian

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2
Q

Systemic circulation sends blood from the __ side of the heart to the body

A

left

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3
Q

Layers of arteries & veins, outer to inner

A

Tunica adventitia (outer)

Tunica media

Tunica intima

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4
Q

Arteries & veins are made of similar components, but which has thicker walls? which has wider lumens?

A

Arteries have thicker walls

Veins have wider lumens

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5
Q

Which is the aorta and which is the vena cava? How can you tell?

A

The left one is the aorta, the right one is the vena cava.

The tunica media is much thicker in the aorta because it needs all those elastic fibers for its function; whereas, the tuncia adventitia is thicker in vena cava.

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6
Q

In arteries, the tunica intima is separated from the tunica media by ____. What is its purpose?

A

internal elastic lamina, full of elastin and fenestrae (gaps) that allow diffusion of substances to nourish cells deeps in teh vessel wall.

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7
Q

Tunica ___: one layer of endothelial cells supported by loose connective tissue and occasional smooth muscle cells.

Tunica ___: smooth muscle cells with variable amts of elastic fibers, reticular fibers (collagen type III), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

Tunica____: type I collagen & elastic fibers

A

Intima

Media

Adventitia

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8
Q

Elastic arteries

Composition, function, appearance, examples

A
  • Composition: elastin
  • Function: distention and recoil to stabilize blood flow
  • Appearance:
    • thicker intima than a muscular artery
    • media has a lot of elastic fibers & elastic laminae (squiggles)
  • Examples: aorta, carotids, subclavian arteries
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9
Q

Muscular arteries

Composition, function, appearance, examples

A
  • Composition: much more smooth muscle
  • Function: contracted state maintains blood pressure
  • Appearance:
    • prominent IEL
    • A lot more smooth muscle cells in the media
  • Examples: brachial, renal, ulnar, femoral arteries
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10
Q

What kind of artery is this?

A

Prominent IEL and no squiggles –> muscular arteries

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11
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Deposits of calcium and elastin cause hardening of muscular arteries, which produge collagen, elastin, and gorund substance components

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12
Q

The amount of ___ material increases with age in the tunica media of muscular arteries.

A

Elastic fibers increases, while smooth muscle decreases

Thus, the arteries stiffen.

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13
Q

The smallest arteries are what? Describe apperance and function.

A

Arterioles

  • Tunica intima consists of endothelium
  • Tunica media has only 1-2 layers of SM
  • Tunica adventitia is a very small layer of connective tissue
  • Function: controls blood flow into capillaries, operating as control valves via vasodilation & vasoconstriction
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14
Q

Terminal arterioles brancha nd give rise to networks of ___

A

capillaries.

Without the pressure control of arterioles & metaarterioles, capillaries would rupture.

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15
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

Blood vessels that supply the cells of the tunica adventitia and tunica media of large vessels

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16
Q

the ___ in the wall of the aorta, an elastic artery, is responsible for distention

A

collagen

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17
Q

Which works w a higher blood pressure - arteries or veins?

A

Arteries - thats why their walls are larger w/ elastin

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18
Q

systolic vs diastolic number

A

Systolic: blood pressure when heart pushes blood thru arteries

Diastolic: pressure in arteris when the heart rests between beats and fills with oxygenated blood

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19
Q

High bp (htn stage 1)

A

130/80

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20
Q

An arteriole ends in a ___, where the smooth muscle of the tunica media becomes a _____.

A

Metarteriole

Smooth muscle of tunica media becomes precapillary sphincter

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21
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Vasoconstrict or vasodilate to control a pulsatile blood flow into the cpaillary bed for..

  • body temp control
  • nutrient, waste, gas exchange
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22
Q

Capillaries join with ___ to start returning blood to teh heart

A

Poscapillary venules

23
Q

Edema

A

Postcapillary venules (thin, permeable walls) allow inappropriate amts of lymph fluid to leak out and accumulate

24
Q

Some lymphatic organs have venules lined with cuboidal endothelial cells that allow…

A

lymphocytes to extravasate between blood & tissue

25
Q

Capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and are structurally supported by

A

Vimentin & Desmin

26
Q

How do you know whats an artery vein and nerve here?

A
27
Q

Mechanisms of capillary exchange

A

Diffusion: lipid-soluble gases

Transcytosis: endocytosis & exocytosis for large molecules

Leaks: between tight junctions; caused by signaling molecules (e.g.histamine)

Carrier-mediated transport

28
Q

Types of cpaillaries & examples

A
29
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • Most common
  • Brain, muscle, nervous tissue, glands, and connective tissue
    • Important to BBB
  • Forms a continuous tube joined by tight junctions
  • Vesicles from pinocytosis transport bidirecitonally via transcytosis
  • Pericytes
30
Q

Pericytes

A

cells of mesenchymal origin that surround capillaries. Functions:

  • Differentiate into SM cells after injury
  • Contains tropomyosin & isiomyosin for contraction to regulate blood flow into capillaries
    • More pericytes -> fewer leaks
31
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A
  • Fenestrae betwen cells; endothelium covered by a thin diaphragm
  • Continuous and thicker basal lamina
  • Kidney, choroid plexus, endocrine organs, gut
    • Needs rapid interchange of substances
32
Q

Adrenal medulla uses what kind of capillaries?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

Secretory granules secreted via excoytosis contain catecholamine hormones

33
Q

Discontinuous capillaries/sinusoids

A
  • Has even larger openings beetween endothelium because discontinuous basal lamina
  • Liver, bone marrow, spleen, gallbladder
34
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Thin endothelial lining with openings between cells

Valves prevent backflow

Converge at the thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct

35
Q

Differentiating between a, v, and n in a neurovascular bundle

A

Vein has larger lumen and usually has more RBCs than arteries

Nerve fascicles are covered in perineurial sheath

36
Q

Veins are capacitance vessels - they contain 70% of the body’s blood volume, but don’t allow blood to pool because they have

A

one-way valves that assist blood return and prevent backward flow

37
Q

Valves can lose elasticity –>

A

Gnarled, incompetent varicose veins

Hemorrhoids

Esophageal varices

Deep vein thrombosis

38
Q

Large veins are distinguishable by…

A

Very thick tunica adventitia containing bundles of SM, collagen, and elastin

Vena cava, portal, splenic, renal veins

39
Q

Medium veins

A

Deep veins; Tunica media is thinner than the tunica adventitia, which contains smooth muscle cells interspersed between type I collagen

Popliteal, radial, tibial, great saphenous vein

40
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A
  • Blood clot in deep veins
    • Usually in the leg following long periods of not moving.
    • Can cause pulmonary embolism
    • Pain, swelling
  • Causes: age, genetics, blood viscosity
  • Treatment: anticoagulants
  • Prevention: exercise, aspirin, stocking
41
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • Specialized myocardial cells containing scant, poorly organized myofibrils in the subendocardial region of ventricles
    • Abundant glycogen
  • Contact normal cardiac muscle via gap junctions to pass the signal and thus initiate contractions in those cells –> expel blood from ventricles
    • Does not contract itself
    • Rapidly conducts impulses to the apex of the heart –> contraction starts at the apex and squeezes blood toward the base to blood leaves from the “top” of the heart
42
Q

Ischemic heart disease- caused by _, causes _

A

Often caused by atherosclerosis as the tunica intima narrows due to accumulation of lipids as an atheromatous plaque

Can cause myocardial infarct (heart attack) -> sudden death of muscle tissue

43
Q

Which is a muscular artery?

A

The middle one. It has those undulations/wiggly lines and IEL

The left is the trachea; the right is a gland

44
Q

Which components of the AVN are illustrated here?

A

Wall is too thick to be a vein.

45
Q

Each vessel seen here will narrow and become a

A

Metarterioles

46
Q

A capillary has continuous endothelium, lacking fenestrations but with many pinocytotic vesicles. Based on this, the tissue is most likely

  • muscle
  • liver
  • spleen
  • adrenal medulla
A

Muscle*-continuous

Liver & spleen- discontinuous

Adnreal medulla - fenestrated

47
Q
A

The arrow is pointing to a vasa vasorum (a bv to a bv); similarly, the coronary artery is also a blood vessel that provides blood to a blood vessel (the heart)

48
Q
A

C is false - it’s not a vein

The vessel on the left has IEL & SM layers –> muscular artery

The vessel on the right has a thick tunica media & lots of elastic layers –> elastic artery, like an aorta

49
Q

Key feature of capillaries

A

Only one RBC can pass through at a time

50
Q

Arterioles have __ layer(s) of endothelial cells, but 1-2 smooth muscl elayers

A

1

51
Q

If you see a capillary surrounded by muscle w intercalated disks, what type of capillary is it?

A

Continuous capillary.

because that’s the type of capillary in hearts.

52
Q

In a continuous capillary, the ___ is continuous with ___

A

endothelial cells is continuous with basal lamina

53
Q

In a discontinuous capillary/sinusoid, the endothelial cell layer and the basal lamina

A

are both discontinuous

Histo (20 decks)

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