Malaria and Yellow Fever

Question 1

What organisms cause malaria?

Answer 1

Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi

Question 2

Where is Plasmodium falciparum found and what is its cycle duration?

Answer 2

Worldwide (most common in Africa), 2 days

Question 3

Where is Plasmodium vivax found and what is its cycle duration?

Answer 3

Asia (most common here), Latin America, and Africa

2 days

Question 4

Where is Plasmodium ovale found and what is its cycle duration?

Answer 4

Africa, west pacific islands

2 days

Question 5

Where is Plasmodium malariae found and what is its cycle duration?

Answer 5

Worldwide

3-day cycle

Question 6

Where is Plasmodium knowlesi found and what is its cycle duration?

Answer 6

In macaques in SE Asia

1-day cycle

Question 7

Which Plasmodium species is zoonotic?

Answer 7

knowlesi

Question 8

What mosquito transmits malaria agents?

Answer 8

Anopheles (mosquito)

Question 9

What does anthrophilic mean in regards to mosquitos?

Answer 9

it prefers humans

Question 10

What does zoophilic mean in regards to mosquitos?

Answer 10

it prefers animals

Question 11

What does endophagic mean in regards to mosquitos?

Answer 11

it bites indoors

Question 12

What does exophagic mean in regards to mosquitos?

Answer 12

it bites outdoors

Question 13

What does endophilic mean in regards to mosquitos?

Answer 13

it rests indoors

Question 14

What does exophilic mean in regards to mosquitos?

Answer 14

it rests outdoors

Question 15

What areas in the world is malaria found and where are most deaths occuring?

Answer 15

Africa, Central and South America, Asia, and the Middle East

Question 16

Where are most of the deaths due to malaria located?

Answer 16

in Africa

Question 17

What is the incubation time of malaria?

Answer 17

7-30 days

Question 18

What are the types of malaria presentation?

Answer 18

uncomplicated and severe

Question 19

What s uncomplicated malaria also known as?

Answer 19

classical malaria

Question 20

How long does classical malaria last?

Answer 20

6-10 hours

Question 21

What are the stages of classical malaria?

Answer 21

Cold stage, hot stage, sweating stage

Question 22

Does uncomplicated malaria recur?

Answer 22

potentially every 2 or 3 days

Question 23

What are the common signs of uncomplicated malaria?

Answer 23

fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea, vomiting, body aches, malaise

Question 24

What would a physical exam on an uncomplicated patient reveal?

Answer 24

Perspiration, weakness, jaundice, enlarged liver or spleen, rapid breathing

Question 25

What is severe malaria also known as?

Answer 25

cerebral malaria

Question 26

What neurologic signs are associated with severe malaria?

Answer 26

Impaired consciousness, abnormal behavior, seizures, coma, other neuro signs

Question 27

What permanent defects are associated with severe malaria?

Answer 27

deafness, blindness, palsies, speech difficulties, movement difficulties

Question 28

What other signs are associated with severe malaria?

Answer 28

severe anemia, respiratory distress, abnormal blood coagulation, low BP, kidney failure, hypoglycemia, other..

Question 29

How does the sickle cell trait impact malaria disease?

Answer 29

it protects from Plasmodium falciparum infection

Question 30

What Plasmodium species lie dormant int he liver?

Answer 30

ovale and vivax

Question 31

What Plasmodium species cause cerebral malaria?

Answer 31

Mainly - falciparum | Rarely - vivax

Question 32

Describe the trend in malaria deaths and bed net usage.

Answer 32

As bed net usage has gone up, deaths in children has gone down

Question 33

Who is at the highest risk for severe malaria?

Answer 33

- Infants and children under the age of 5 years - Pregnant women - Patients with HIV/AIDs - Non-immune migrants - Travelers

Question 34

What prevention measures can be taken against malaria?

Answer 34

- Eliminate breeding grounds - Case management and early diagnosis - Prompt treatment - Indoor residual spraying - Bed nets w/long lasting insecticide - Antimalarial drugs - Political and financial commitments

Question 35

Why do children die more frequently with malaria?

Answer 35

Because they are not as immune competent as adults and are more susceptible to succumbing to infection

Question 36

What mosquitoes transmit Yellow Fever?

Answer 36

Aedes and Haemogogus

Question 37

What are the three different lifecycles of Yellow Fever virus?

Answer 37

Sylvatic, intermediate, urban

Question 38

What does the sylvatic cycle circulate between?

Answer 38

monkeys

Question 39

What does the intermediate cycle circulate between?

Answer 39

monkeys and humans

Question 40

What does the urban cycle circulate between?

Answer 40

people

Question 41

What clinical signs are associated with the first phase of Yellow Fever?

Answer 41

Fever, muscle pain, backache, headache, shivers, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting

Question 42

How long does it take for recovery in the first phase of Yellow Fever?

Answer 42

3-4 days

Question 43

What is the timeline of the 2nd phase of Yellow Fever?

Answer 43

It occurs 24 hours after the 1st stage ends

Question 44

What are the clinical signs associated with the second stage of Yellow Fever?

Answer 44

High fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, possible bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, stomach, feces, and vomit Kidney failure

Question 45

What is the mortality rate of the 2nd phase of Yellow Fever?

Answer 45

50% die in 10-14 days

Question 46

What percentage of patients get the 2nd phase of Yellow Fever?

Answer 46

15%

Question 47

What regions of the world get Yellow Fever?

Answer 47

Sub-Saharan Africa and South America

Question 48

What are the prevention measures for Yellow Fever?

Answer 48

- No specific treatment - Reduce mosquito populations - Vaccine

Question 49

What is a yellow card?

Answer 49

Documentation of vaccination that is required to enter a country where Yellow Fever is endemic