Malaria and Yellow Fever Flashcards
What organisms cause malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi
Where is Plasmodium falciparum found and what is its cycle duration?
Worldwide (most common in Africa), 2 days
Where is Plasmodium vivax found and what is its cycle duration?
Asia (most common here), Latin America, and Africa
2 days
Where is Plasmodium ovale found and what is its cycle duration?
Africa, west pacific islands
2 days
Where is Plasmodium malariae found and what is its cycle duration?
Worldwide
3-day cycle
Where is Plasmodium knowlesi found and what is its cycle duration?
In macaques in SE Asia
1-day cycle
Which Plasmodium species is zoonotic?
knowlesi
What mosquito transmits malaria agents?
Anopheles (mosquito)
What does anthrophilic mean in regards to mosquitos?
it prefers humans
What does zoophilic mean in regards to mosquitos?
it prefers animals
What does endophagic mean in regards to mosquitos?
it bites indoors
What does exophagic mean in regards to mosquitos?
it bites outdoors
What does endophilic mean in regards to mosquitos?
it rests indoors
What does exophilic mean in regards to mosquitos?
it rests outdoors
What areas in the world is malaria found and where are most deaths occuring?
Africa, Central and South America, Asia, and the Middle East
Where are most of the deaths due to malaria located?
in Africa
What is the incubation time of malaria?
7-30 days
What are the types of malaria presentation?
uncomplicated and severe
What s uncomplicated malaria also known as?
classical malaria
How long does classical malaria last?
6-10 hours
What are the stages of classical malaria?
Cold stage, hot stage, sweating stage
Does uncomplicated malaria recur?
potentially every 2 or 3 days
What are the common signs of uncomplicated malaria?
fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea, vomiting, body aches, malaise
What would a physical exam on an uncomplicated patient reveal?
Perspiration, weakness, jaundice, enlarged liver or spleen, rapid breathing
What is severe malaria also known as?
cerebral malaria
What neurologic signs are associated with severe malaria?
Impaired consciousness, abnormal behavior, seizures, coma, other neuro signs
What permanent defects are associated with severe malaria?
deafness, blindness, palsies, speech difficulties, movement difficulties
What other signs are associated with severe malaria?
severe anemia, respiratory distress, abnormal blood coagulation, low BP, kidney failure, hypoglycemia, other..
How does the sickle cell trait impact malaria disease?
it protects from Plasmodium falciparum infection
What Plasmodium species lie dormant int he liver?
ovale and vivax
What Plasmodium species cause cerebral malaria?
Mainly - falciparum
Rarely - vivax
Describe the trend in malaria deaths and bed net usage.
As bed net usage has gone up, deaths in children has gone down
Who is at the highest risk for severe malaria?
- Infants and children under the age of 5 years
- Pregnant women
- Patients with HIV/AIDs
- Non-immune migrants
- Travelers
What prevention measures can be taken against malaria?
- Eliminate breeding grounds
- Case management and early diagnosis
- Prompt treatment
- Indoor residual spraying
- Bed nets w/long lasting insecticide
- Antimalarial drugs
- Political and financial commitments
Why do children die more frequently with malaria?
Because they are not as immune competent as adults and are more susceptible to succumbing to infection
What mosquitoes transmit Yellow Fever?
Aedes and Haemogogus
What are the three different lifecycles of Yellow Fever virus?
Sylvatic, intermediate, urban
What does the sylvatic cycle circulate between?
monkeys
What does the intermediate cycle circulate between?
monkeys and humans
What does the urban cycle circulate between?
people
What clinical signs are associated with the first phase of Yellow Fever?
Fever, muscle pain, backache, headache, shivers, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting
How long does it take for recovery in the first phase of Yellow Fever?
3-4 days
What is the timeline of the 2nd phase of Yellow Fever?
It occurs 24 hours after the 1st stage ends
What are the clinical signs associated with the second stage of Yellow Fever?
High fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, possible bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, stomach, feces, and vomit
Kidney failure
What is the mortality rate of the 2nd phase of Yellow Fever?
50% die in 10-14 days
What percentage of patients get the 2nd phase of Yellow Fever?
15%
What regions of the world get Yellow Fever?
Sub-Saharan Africa and South America
What are the prevention measures for Yellow Fever?
- No specific treatment
- Reduce mosquito populations
- Vaccine
What is a yellow card?
Documentation of vaccination that is required to enter a country where Yellow Fever is endemic
