Lecture 12 - Public Health Accomplishments Flashcards
What is eradication?
a disease is wiped out; gotten rid of
What is elimination?
the removal of a disease from a geographic location
What is the small pox vaccine derived from?
vaccinia - a pox virus similar to small pox, but less harmful
What is the history of the small pox vaccine?
1721 - Variolation began in the US
1764 - A connection was found between the milkmaid, cowpox, and smallpox
1774 - Benjamin Jesty vaccinated wife and children with cowpox
1777- George Washington had all soldiers vaccinated
1796 - Edward Jenner inoculated fluid from milkmaid’s pustule
1800 - New Vaccine used in US
What are the zoonotic issues/concerns of the smallpox vaccine?
Small pox itself is not zoonotic, but the vaccine is - there has been zoonotic transmission from farmers to their livestock and to pets
What is Edward Jenner’s contribution to smallpox eradication?
He inoculated James Phipps with fluid from a milkmaid’s pustule (due to cowpox) and found out that subsequent variolation of the boy produces no reaction
What does variolation mean?
The use of pus or scabs from a smallpox victim to vaccinate another person
What are the reasons why smallpox could be eradicated?
During the eradication process, they simply had to look to see if there was a scar
If they had the disease, it was obvious
There was a good, effective vaccine
There were no animal reservoirs
What is the life cycle of Dranunculus medinensis(6)?
- Human drinks unfiltered water containing copepods with L3 larvae
- Larvae are released when copepods die. Larve penetrate the host’s stomach and intestinal wall. They mature and reproduce.
- Fertilized female worm migrates to the surface of the skin, causes a blister, and discharges larvae
- Larvae released into water from the emerging female worm
- L1 larvae are consumed by a copepod
- Larvae undergoes two molts in the copepod and becomes a L3 larvae
What are the effective measures in preventing human infection with Dranunculus medinensis?
Protect wells and other water sources, drink from underground sources, filter water, Temephos to kill cyclops, boil water
Where does Guinea worm still occur?
Chad, Mali, and Ethiopia
What is the role of dogs and cats in the prevalence of Guinea worm?
Dogs and cats eat the guts from fish that were discarded and become infected repeating the cycle
How is polio transmitted?
via feces
What are the 3 polio endemic countries?
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria
What is IPV and where is it used?
Inactivated polio vaccine - it is the vaccine children get in the US to reduce the risk of paralysis
