Lectures 6-8: Emerging Diseases Flashcards
What is the cause of the EID events from 1840-1900?
most are due to bacterial pathogens
In what ways do wildlife contribute to emerging diseases?
we eat them, keep them as pets, petting zoos, rehabilitation, habitat destruction, going on safari, ecotourism
List five major contributing factors to the emergence of disease discussed in class.
Potential answers: Human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, breakdown in public health measures, human susceptibility to infection, climate and weather, changing ecosystems, poverty and social inequality, war and famine, lack of political will, and intent to harm
What country is expected to have the five of the world’s ten largest countries by 2100?
Africa
Currently, where is the highest concentration of people (continent(s))?
North and Central america
What is the population increase of North America?
0%
What does the growing global population highlight?
the need for family planning resources, healthcare workers, and better access to healthcare
What is the current life expectancy?
72.2 years
More developed countries have a _____ life expectancy, but are having ____ children.
Greater, less
What sex lives longer?
females
What drives up the life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa?
middle classes
What is the cause for shortening all life expectancy?
the opioid crisis
What population of Americans are living longer?
African-Americans
What country has the highest fertility rate?
Niger - 7 children
What is the fertility rate like now as compared to years before?
it is lower
What are some potential effects of world population growth?
overcrowding, decreased healthy water supply, food supply (maybe), increase in agriculture (big water user), slums due to moving to cities, pollution
_______ kills 3x as many as AIDS, TB, and malaria combined.
pollution
As more people are likely to leave rural populations, what will happen to healthcare in those rural populations?
you are more likely to lose your family doctors
As income per person rises, ___ of the country rises.
GDP
How will our ability to prevent and control infectious diseases be affected as population increases?
it will become more strained
The water demand is expected to increase by ___ percent by 2050.
55
The energy demand is expected to increase by ___ percent by 2035.
33
In what ways do violence/conflict impact public health and how do they contribute to emerging diseases?
Collapse of infrastructure will cause decreased access to health services and increased transmission of infectious agents
Environmental destruction will lead to failed crops, then malnutrition, and then increased vulnerability to disease
Poor shelter/overcrowding/ exposure causes human rights violations (mental health problems, injuries, sexual violence)
What population is often ‘forgotten’ in violent ridden environments?
pregnant females
What are the two diseases most known to increase with dam building?
malaria and shistosomiasis
What does the demographic transition model state?
It states that the population will eventually stop growing when the country transitions from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and death rates, stabilizing the population.
How did the United States get Aedes albopictus?
From tires on a ship from Japan
What is the reservoir for SARS?
the Chinese horseshoe bat
What animal is suspected to have caused the SARS outbreak from the live animal market?
the masked palm civet
What was the economic impact of the SARS outbreak?
~30 billion losses - travel restrictions, cancellations, and quarantines
What animals were found infected with SARS?
domestic dogs and cats, raccoon dogs, bats, palm civets, badgers, snakes, wild pigs, macaques, ferrets, and hog badgers
What type of virus causes MERS and SARS?
coronavirus
What does MERS stand for?
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome
What is the animal source for MERS infection in people?
camels
What are the most common ways that people become infected with MERS?
Camel saliva, droplets, and nasal secretions
What are the risks of exposure for a person to acquire MERS?
hospital, close contact
What are the high risk populations for MERS?
those that are in close contact with dromedary camels and healthcare workers tending patients
How does land use/abuse contribute to emerging diseases?
Increase in agriculture can cause in increase in exposure to arthropods or other infectious agents Ex. Lyme disease
what factors contribute to microbial adaptation?
interspecies transmission, mutations in disease, and resistance
What human actions lead to resistance of microbial adaptation?
not finishing the treatment, treating viral infections with antibiotics, no culturing for sensitivity, prescribing for meds for too long
What factors have allowed for the nCoV-2019 to emerge?
not symptomatic immediately, poor information about the virus, lack of immediate reporting
What can prevent something like the spread of nCoV-2019 happening again?
inform immediately, work with WHO, properly cook food, use proper sanitation
