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Hematology > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the type of mosquitoes that cause malaria here?

A

Anopheles

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2
Q

What is the causative agent of malaria?

A

Plasmodium spp.

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3
Q

What are the five species of plasmodium

A 
Falciparum
Vivax
Malariae
Ovale
Knowlesi
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4
Q

Where is falciparum found?

A

World wide

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5
Q

Where is vivax found?

A

Sub-saharan africa

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6
Q

Where is p. malariae found?

A

World wide

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7
Q

Where is p. ovale found?

A

Africa

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8
Q

Where is p. Knowlesi found?

A

Malaysia

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9
Q

Most cases of malaria are caused by what two strains?

A

P. Falciparum

P. Vivas

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10
Q

What is the general life cycle of malaria?

A

Hepatocytes, then RBCs

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11
Q

What are the two forms of malaria that can lie dormant in the liver for years at a time?

A

Vivax

Ovale

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12
Q

What is malarial paroxysm?

A

Synchronous release of malarial parasites, destruction of RBCs causing the symptoms of malaria

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13
Q

What are the three stages of malaria?

A 
cold stage (rigors, dry skin)
Hot stage (HA, palps, confusion)
Sweat stage
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14
Q

What are the strains of malaria that cause symptoms every 48 hours?

A

vivax
Ovale
Falciparum

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15
Q

What are the strains of malaria that cause symptoms every 72 hours?

A

Malariae

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16
Q

What is the blood disease that prevents infection with malaria falciparum?

A

Beta thalassemia

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17
Q

What are the strains of malaria that cause symptoms every 24 hours?

A

Knowlesi

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18
Q

What is the incubation period for falciparum?

A

1-2 weeks

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19
Q

What is the most severe complication with falciparum malaria?

A

Cerebral malaria–red cells get sticky, and bind to endothelial cells, causing decreased organ perfusion

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20
Q

True or false: jaundice is never a symptom of malaria

A

False–falciparum can cause this

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21
Q

What are the primary symptoms of vivax/ovale infx?

A

flu like

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22
Q

What is the most serious complication of vivax/ovale?

A

Splenic rupture

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23
Q

What is the incubation period for vivax/ovale?

A

2-3 weeks

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24
Q

What is the incubation period of malariae?

A

3-6 weeks

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25
Q

What is symptomatic recrudescence?

A

Hard to see low level or replication of malariae, so can recur

26
Q

What is the most common complication of malaria?

A

Anemia

27
Q

What are the three mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of malaria?

A
  1. RBC lysis by parasite
  2. Suppression of erythropoiesis (TNFa, IL1)
  3. Destruction of RBCs by spleen
28
Q

Why is plasmodium falciparum one of the most dangerous?

A

No preference for RBCs

29
Q

What are the blood cells that vivax and ovale infx?

A

Reticulocytes

30
Q

What are the blood cells that malariae infx?

A

Old RBCs

31
Q

What are the three major side effects of plasmodium?

A

Splenomegaly
Hypoglycemia
Cerebral malaria

32
Q

What are the two cytokines that are circulating when RBCs lyse with malaria? How does this affect glycemic levels?

A

TNFalpha
IL1

Inhibits gluconeogenesis

33
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing malaria?

A

PBS

34
Q

What are the histological findings of falciparum?

A

Purple bananas

35
Q

What are the histological findings of vivax and ovale?

A

Bloated RBCs

Schuffner dots

36
Q

What are the histological findings of malariae?

A

Band forms

NO stippling

37
Q

What are the diseases that protect pts from malaria?

A

Sickle cell
Thalassemia
G6PD deficiency

38
Q

True or false: drug resistance to malaria is a major concern

A

True

39
Q

What is babesiosis?

A

Babesia parasite transmitted by ticks that normally fed on rodents

40
Q

What are the symptoms of babesiosis?

A

Fever, chills, myalgias

Hemolytic anemia

41
Q

True or false: most cases of babesiosis are asymptomatic

A

True

42
Q

Who are the people are susceptible to babesiosis?

A

Elderly, asplenic

Immunosuppressed

43
Q

What are the histological characteristics of babesiosis?

A

Maltese cross

44
Q

What is the treatment for babesia?

A

Quinine and clindamycin

45
Q

Most drugs against malaria target what?

A

Asexual blood forms

46
Q

What does clinical cure mean vs radical cure?

A 
Clinical = feel better
Radical = total destruction of parasite
47
Q

What is the drug that kills malaria? How useful is this?

A

Chloroquine

High resistance rates

48
Q

Where is chloroquine still effective?

A

West of the panama canal

49
Q

What is the therapeutic to toxic ratio of quinine?

A

Poor

50
Q

What is the major side effect of quinine?

A

Hypoglycemia

Cinchonism

51
Q

What is the derivative form of quinine?

A

Mefloquine

52
Q

What is the abx that is useful against malaria?

A

Doxycycline

53
Q

What are the major side effects of doxycycline?

A

photosensitivity dermatitis

54
Q

What is the drug that kills the liver forms of malaria?

A

Primaquine

55
Q

What are the major toxicities of primaquine?

A

RBC lysis with G6PD deficiency

56
Q

What disease should you screen for before giving primaquine?

A

G6PD deficiency

57
Q

When is primaquine administered?

A

After clinical cure achieved with other antimalarial

58
Q

What are the two drugs that are combined in malarone?

A

Atovaquone

Proguanil

59
Q

What is the prophylaxis treatment for malaria without chloroquine resistant plasmodium?

A

Chloroquine

60
Q

What is the prophylaxis treatment for malaria with chloroquine resistant plasmodium?

A

Mefloquine, malarone, doxycycline

61
Q

What are the adverse effects of mefloquine?

A

CNS effects

62
Q

What is the treatment for babesiosis?

A

Quinine and clindamycin

Hematology (32 decks)

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