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Hematology > Hematpoiesis > Flashcards

Hematpoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the usual value for hematocrit?

A

50%

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2
Q

What is the MOA of stroke and MI using rhEPO?

A

increased blood viscosity

Rapid clotting

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3
Q

What is the lifespain of lymphocytes, geerally?

A

years

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4
Q

What is the lifespan of RBCs, generally?

A

120 days

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5
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets, generally?

A

7-10 days

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6
Q

What is the lifespan of granulocytes, generally?

A

6-8 hours

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7
Q

What are the three granulocytes?

A

Eosiniphils
Basophils
Neutrophils

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8
Q

What is the most numerous type of blood cell in the bone marrow?

A

granulocytes

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9
Q

What type of cells in the bone marrow give rise to all other cell types?

A

stem cells

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10
Q

Can you identify stem cells in the bone marrow morphologically?

A

no

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11
Q

What percent of bone marrow is made up of stem cells?

A

0.1-0.01%

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12
Q

What are the cells that provide a microenvironment in bone marrow, for the development of other cells?

A

Stromal cells (adipocytes, fibroblasts, reticuloendothelial cells)

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13
Q

True or false: immature stem cells are only loosely associated with the stromal cells found in the bone marrow

A

False–very tightly bound

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14
Q

What happens to the amount of binding of stem cells to the stromal cells as they mature in the bone marrow?

A

Weaker binding

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15
Q

What regulates the binding of cells in the bone marrow?

A

Different expression of cell adhesion molecules

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16
Q

How do cells in the bone marrow know what to become?

A

Cytokines inform what they should become

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17
Q

What is the cytokine that tells cells in the bone marrow to differentiate into RBCs?

A

erythropoietin

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18
Q

What are the cells that release erythropoietin?

A

Peritubular cells in the kidney

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19
Q

What is the cytokine that is released to stimulate cells to differentiate into neutrophils?

A

G-CSF

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20
Q

What do cells exposed to G-CSF turn into?

A

Granulocytes (usually PMNs)

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21
Q

What are the cells that release G-CSF to increase the production of PMNs?

A

macrophages at inflammatory sites

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22
Q

What inhibits the production of EPO?

A

Oxygen pressure

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23
Q

What doe TGF-beta do to the production of stem cells?

A

Downregulate

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24
Q

What is the trigger to produce EPO?

A

Hypoxia in the peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney

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25
Q

How does TGF-beta decrease the production of cells?

A

Downregulate the differentiation cytokines

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26
Q

What is the chemical that is used to increase the production of bone marrow, and also release the bone marrow cells into the blood?

A

G-CSF

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27
Q

What is the chemical given to chemo pts undergoing radiotherapy, to increase the production of bone marrow?

A

G-CSF

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28
Q

What is the function of GM-CSF?

A

increases myeloid cell receovery in bone marrow transplantation pts

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29
Q

Why isn’t MG -CSF used more often to retrieve bone marrow cells?

A

Causes thrombosis and leay capillary syndrome

30
Q

Which is typically active: yellow or red bone marrow?

A

Red marrow

31
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

inactive bone marrow in adipose tissue

32
Q

True or false: in the first few years of life, most of the bone marrow is yellow

A

False–most is red

33
Q

What is extramedullary hematpoiesis?

A

hematpoiesis that takes place outside the bone marrow (liver and spleen)

34
Q

What happens to the cell size as they mature?

A

decrease

35
Q

What happens to the nuclear:cytoplamic ratio as cells mature in the bone marrow?

A

Decrease

36
Q

What happens to the nucleoi number as a cell matures

A

Decrease

37
Q

What happens to cytoplasmic staining as a cell matures? What does this indicate?

A

Darker blue to lighter blue, which indicates less RNA

38
Q

What are retriculocytes?

A

Immature RBCs

39
Q

When/where in development does erythropoiesis begin to take place? Where next?

A

embryonic yolk sac

Extramedullary organs

40
Q

What is the normal amount of reticulocytes in the blood?

A

1%

41
Q

What are band cells?

A

Immature granulocytes

42
Q

What is the normal percentage of band cells?

A

3-5%

43
Q

What do band cell look like histologically?

A

horseshoe shaped nucleus

44
Q

Left shift = ?

A

More bands

45
Q

Where are granulocytes removed from the blood? What are the cells that remove them?

A

Phagocytes in the spleen

46
Q

Where are PMNs found in the blood?

A

Half circulating

Half attached to cell walls

47
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Baby macrophages

48
Q

What are histocytes?

A

macrophages in loose CT

49
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

Macrophages in the liver

50
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Macrophage in bone that resorb bone

51
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

macrophages in the CNS

52
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A

production of lymphocytes (T cells/B cells, NK cells)

53
Q

Are NK cells part of adaptive/acquired immunity?

A

no–innate

54
Q

Where are B cells produced from?

A

Bone marrow

55
Q

B cells initially only express what antibody on their cell surface?

A

IgM

56
Q

What happens to immature B cells that only have IgM, that encounter antigen

A

Undergo apoptosis

57
Q

What are the two outcomes of a B cell encoutering an antigen?

A

Become plasma cell

Become memory cell

58
Q

Where are T cells produed from? Where do they mature?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

59
Q

Once T cells reach the thymus, what are they then called?

A

thymocytes

60
Q

Where do mature T cells after exiting the thymus?

A

lymphatic tissue

61
Q

What are the cells that produce thrombocytes?

A

Megakaryocytes

62
Q

What is the process the megakaryocytes undergo

A

Endomitosis (nuclear mitosis without cytoplasmic divisions)

63
Q

What cytokine stimulates thrombopoiesis and endomitosis?

A

Thrombopoietin

64
Q

What happens to old platelets?

A

Spleen/liver phagocytes eat ‘em up

65
Q

True or false: we have an emergency reserve of platelets in the spleen

A

True

66
Q

What does the absolute cell count provide?

A

Quantity of each cell type per unit volume

67
Q

What does the differential count provide?

A

Relative count (% of each cell type)

68
Q

Elevated eosinophils = ?

A

Allergies or parasitic infection

69
Q

About what percent of WBCs are PMNs, (normally)?

A

50%

70
Q

What is the normal reticulocyte count (% of RBCs)?

A

0.5-1.5% of RBCs

Hematology (32 decks)

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