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Hematology > Clinical Labs > Flashcards

Clinical Labs Flashcards

1
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

a medical term meaning that a patient’s red blood cells are of unequal size

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2
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

Abnormally shaped RBCs

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3
Q

What does normocytic mean?

A

Normal size of RBCs

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4
Q

What is the range of RBC volume?

A

80-100 fL

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5
Q

What does macrocytic mean?

A

Larger than average size of RBCs

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6
Q

What are the three main etiologies of anemia?

A

Blood loss
Impaired production
Impaired destruction

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7
Q

What does MCV measure?

A

Mean corpuscular volume (how large the RBCs are)

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8
Q

What is the normal % of lymphocytes?

A

25-50%

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9
Q

What is the normal % of monocytes?

A

2-12%

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10
Q

What is the normal % of eosinophils?

A

0-5%

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11
Q

What is the normal range of WBCs?

A

4-11

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12
Q

What is the normal range of RBCs?

A

4.5-6

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13
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

150-400

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14
Q

What is the normal % of neutrophils?

A

50-74%

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15
Q

What is the normal % of basophils?

A

0-2%

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16
Q

What does the reticulocyte count asses?

A

Assess the erythropioetic activity

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17
Q

What does ESR help to distinguish?

A

Active vs non-active disease

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18
Q

What is the final resort if you cannot determine the cause of an anemia?

A

Bone marrow exam

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19
Q

What is the normal percentage of reticulocytes?

A

0.5% -1.5%

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20
Q

What is the formula for the corrected reticulocyte count if there is anemia?

A

(HCT/45)*retic count

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21
Q

How do you distinguish between retriculocytes and mature RBCs?

A

Stain for RNA

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22
Q

What is the most common reason for anemia?

A

Fe deficiency

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23
Q

What is a chronic disease that causes anemia? Is this mico or macrocytic?

A

renal failure

Microcytic

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24
Q

Are thalessemias micro or marcocytic anemias?

A

Micro

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25
Q

Does Fe deficiency anemia present as micro or marcocytic?

A

Micro

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26
Q

What is siderblastic anemia? Is it micro or macrocytic?

A

a form of anemia in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes).[1] It may be caused either by a genetic disorder or indirectly as part of myelodysplastic syndrome,[2] which can evolve into hematological malignancies (especially acute myelogenous leukemia)

Micocytic

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27
Q

What are the three major tests for microcytic anemias?

A

Serum Fe
TIBC
Serum ferritin

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28
Q

What is the single best test for iron studies? What does it measure?

A

Serum ferritin

Measures circulating fraction of iron storage

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29
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosin mild beta-thalassemias?

A

Hb electrophoresis

30
Q

What is the serum iron in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

A

Both low

31
Q

What is the TIBC in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

A

High in IDA

Low in ACD

32
Q

What is the transfer saturation in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

A

both low

33
Q

What is the serum ferritin in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

A

Low in IDA

increased in ACD

34
Q

What is the marrow iron in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

A

absent in IDA

increased in ACD

35
Q

What is the most common type of auto-immune hemolytic anemia?

A

SLE

36
Q

What are the two types of hemolytic anemia from SLE? What are the antibodies involved in each?

A

Warm (IgG antibodies)

Cold (IgM antibodies)

37
Q

Wha are the two types of allo-immune hemolytic anemias?

A

Transfusion reactions

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

38
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect Coomes test?

A

Direct = uses pts RBCs to detect antibodies. (antibody on antibody)

Indirect = detects antibodies in pts serum

39
Q

When is the indirect Coombs test used?

A

For fetal testing of hemolytic anemia

40
Q

Elevated neutrophils = what kind of infection?

A

Bacterial

41
Q

Elevated lymphocytes = what type of infection?

A

Viral

42
Q

Elevated eosinophils = what type of infection?

A

Parasitic or allergic

43
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Neoplasms that arise as discrete masses (like spleen, lymph nodes)

44
Q

What are leukemias?

A

Lymphoid nepplasms with involvement of blood and bone marrow

45
Q

What is the only way to differentiate leukemias that are coming from B cell vs T cells?

A

Immunophenotyping (identifying cell types by protein expression)

46
Q

What is FISH used to detect?

A

Chromosomal aberrations

47
Q

What are the protein markers for B cells?

A

CD19
CD20
CD21
CD22

48
Q

What are the protein markers for T cells?

A

CD3
CD2
CD4
CD8

49
Q

What are the two ways to perform immuphenotyping?

A

Immunohistochemisty

Flow cytometry

50
Q

What are the three factors that you need to consider when assessing a pt for leukemias/lymphomas?

A

Age
Location
Sites/involvment

51
Q

Are the masses associated with lymphomas painful or painless?

A

Painless

52
Q

What are the characterisitcs that are evaluated with H&E uner high power?

A

Size
Nucleus
Chromatin
Cytoplasm

53
Q

Immature lymphoid neoplasms come for what cells?

A

Lymphoblasts

54
Q

Mature lymphoid neoplasms come from where?

A

Mature lymphocyte

55
Q

What are the findings of IHC if there is a B cell lymphoma?

A

Only one type of ig light chain produced

56
Q

What are the PCR findings of b cell lymphomas?

A

Ig heavy chain gene rearrangement

57
Q

Loss of specific CD antigen = what cell type lymphoma?

A

T cell

58
Q

What are the PCR findings for T cell lymphoma?

A

T cell receptor gene rearrangement

59
Q

What are the five characteristics looked at when determining a neoplasm?

A 
Clincial features
Morphology
Immunophenotype
Cytogenetics
Molecular analysis
60
Q

What are the five main categories of lymphomas?

A 
Precursor B
Peripheral B
Precursor A
Peripheral A
Hodgkin lymphoma
61
Q

What is the most common cause of tumors in pts under 5 years old?

A

Acute leukemia

62
Q

What is the most common cause of tumors in pts 5-9 years old?

A

Acute leukemia/brain

63
Q

What is the most common cause of tumors in children 10 -19?

A

Lymphomas

64
Q

What is the first stage of lymphoma?

A

Single lymph node region or extralymphatic site

65
Q

What is the second stage of lymphoma?

A

Two or more LN regions or extralymphatic site on the same side of the diaphragm

66
Q

What is the third stage of lymphoma?

A

LN regions or extralymphatic site on both sides of the diaphragm

67
Q

What is the fourth stage of lymphomas?

A

Disseminated or diffuse inolvement of one or more extralymphatic sites

68
Q

What does the A stand for in lymphoma staging? B?

A

Asymptomatic

B= symptomatic

69
Q

What is the packed cell volume?

A

Same as hematocrit

70
Q

What is the mean corpuscular Hb?

A

he average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood

71
Q

What is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration?

A

measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells

72
Q

What is the red cell distribution width?

A

a measure of the range of variation of red blood cell (RBC) volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. Usually red blood cells are a standard size of about 6-8 μm in diameter.

Hematology (32 decks)

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