MALARIA Flashcards
Causative Agents of Malaria
- Plasmodium falciparum
- P. Malariae
- P. Vivax
- P. Ovale
- P. Knowlesi
Source of infection
Bite of infected Anopheles mosquito
Characteristis of female Anopheles mosquito: NHFR
Night biting (9pm-3am)
High flying
Free flowing water
Rural areas
Mode of transmission of malaria
Bite of Anopheles Mosquito
Incubation period of malaria
10-12 days
Signs and symptoms: 3 stages of malaria
- Cold stage
- Hot stage
- Wet stage
Cold stage of malaria
- Chills
- teeth chattering
- quivering
- shivering
Hot stage of malaria
- General flushing (redness on eys, face, ears)
- fever up to 40 degree Celcius
Wet stage of malaria
Severe diaphoresis
These three stages occur in a cycle usually on the _______ day.
3rd
Rupture of eryhtoricytes that occurs on the 3rd day of malaria
malarial cachexia
S/sx of malarial cachexia
- Anemia
- hepatomegaly
- splenomegaly
- jaundice (due to ruptured erythrocytes)
Diagnostic test of malaria
Peripheral blood smear
Malaria: It is the quantitative type, knowing the exact number of parasites/protozoa
Thick PBS
Malaria: It the qualitative type, knowing what type of parasite/protozoa is present
Thin PBS
When does PBS taken?
3rd day: At the height of fever
Malaria: DOC for pregnant or 1 week before entering endemic areas
CHLOROQUININE (ARALEN) 250 mg
Malaria: DOC during emergency
Quinine 300 mg
WOF: neurologic toxicity: convulsions/seizures
Malaria: QUININE
W/F SIGNS OF NEUROLOGIC TOXICITY
Disorientation, confusion, convulsion, and seizure
Malaria: OTHER DRUGS
AM
- Artemisinin.
- Mefloquine.
Malaria: Drug resistance (DOC: P. Falciparum)
Sulfadoxine
Malaria: Quinidine & tetracycline consideration
Need straw to prevent permanent staining of teeth
NURSING MANAGEMENT
• TSB (fever, to promote heat loss)
• Increase fluid intake (inc. cardiac output prevent hypovolemia)
• Monitor V/S and signs of bleeding (change in v/s indicates bleeding)
• Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance (wet stage)
• Maintain bed rest until the fever and other symptoms have ceased
• Encourage Iron-rich, (anemia) VIT c (immune sys.)
PREVENTION
- Use sprays and wear protective clothing to prevent mosquito bites
- INSECTICIDE- soaking mosquito net in an insecticide solution and dried
- Wearing of clothing that covers arms and legs in the evening
- Avoiding outdoor activities particularly during vector’s peak biting hours (9pm- 3am)
- Planting of neem tree or other herbal plants
Malaria: construction of bio-ponds for larvivorous fish propagation
On stream seeding
Malaria on-stream seeding:
__________fish/sqm for immediate impact
__________fish/ha: delayed effect
2- 4 fish/sqm
200-400 fish/ha
Malaria: cutting of vegetation along stream banks to expose the breeding stream to sunlight , rendering it unsuitable for mosquito vector habituation (tall grasses- breeding sites of Malaria)
On stream clearing
Malaria: the typing of domestic animals like carabao, cow near human dwellings to deviate mosquito bite from human to these animals.
Zoo prophylaxis
PATHOGENESIS
- Bite of anopheles mosquito (harbor parasite)
- Enter in the blood stream
- Colonized and stays for 7-10 days in the liver to grow and multiply
- Evades the liver
- Invades the heart, lungs, and erythrocytes
- Ruptures the erythrocytes
- Malarial toxins will release
- Increased cytokinin production for inflammatory process
- Released of peripheral mononuclear cells
- Increased immune to fight the toxins/parasitic infections
