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Biology > M8: Meiosis > Flashcards

M8: Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meiosis in males is called ________________ and produces sperms.

A

spermatogenesis

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2
Q

Meiosis in females is called __________ and produces ova.

A

oogenesis

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3
Q

Two MAJOR stages in meiosis (meiosis __ and meiosis ___).

A

meiosis I and meiosis II

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4
Q

fertilization

23 egg cell + 23 sperm cell = 46 _________

A

zygote

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

cell division that produces gametes

A

meiosis

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7
Q

differences of mitosis and meiosis

mitosis
- ___ cell division
- __ daughter cells
- _______ = 2n
- __ chromosomes

meiosis
- __ cell division
- __ cell product
- _________ = n
- ___ chromosomes

A

differences of mitosis and meiosis

mitosis
- 1 cell division
- 2 daughter cells
- diploid = 2n
- 46 chromosomes

meiosis
- 2 cell division
- 4 cell product
- haploid = n
- 23 chromosomes

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8
Q

top of the chromatid - ____ color
bottom of chromatid - ____ color

A

top of the chromatid - eye color
bottom of chromatid - hair color

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9
Q

location where you can find gene

A

locus

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10
Q

Phases of Cell Division of Gametes

Same in mitotic division (G1. S- phase, G2)
Replication of DNA
Homologous chromosomes

A

interphasw

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11
Q

Same gene sequence
Same loci
Centromere location
Chromosomal length

A

Homologous chromosomes

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12
Q

Prophase I

Divided into 5 stages;
l________
Z__________
P___________
D_________
d_____________

A

Divided into 5 stages;
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

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13
Q

chromosomes begin to condense and attain a compact structure.

A

leptotene

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14
Q

Chromosomal synapsis - pairing of chromosomes.

A

zygotene

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15
Q

connects and pairs the two homologous chromosomes

A

Synaptonemal complex

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16
Q

Forms a bivalent/ tetrad.
Homologous pairs

A

zygotene

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17
Q

a continuation of what happens in gap 2

A

leptotene

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18
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

zygotene

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19
Q

crossing over of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

A

pachytene

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20
Q

Cross - linked of one arm of non - sister chromatids at the Recombination nodule

A

pachytene

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21
Q

Formation of chiasmapachytene

A

pachytene

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22
Q

crossing over of genes - exchange of gene

A

pachytene

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23
Q

one of the most important processes wherein variation of cells happen

A

pachytene

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24
Q

a break in one of the sister chromatids

A

chiasma

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25
Q

marks the dissolution of the synaptonemal complex

A

diplotene

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26
Q

separation of the homologous chromosomes of the bivalents except at the sites of cross-over.

A

diplotene

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27
Q

diplotene

The X-shaped structures formed during separation are known as ___________

A

chiasmata

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28
Q

Termination of chiasmata

A

diakinesis

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29
Q

assembly of the meiotic spindle to separate the homologous chromosomes.

A

diakinesis

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30
Q

nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

A

diakinesis

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31
Q

Longest and most complex phase (90%).

A

prophase 1

32
Q

Chromosomes condense.

A

prophase 1

33
Q

Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad.

A

prophase 1

34
Q

prophase 1

______- is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).

A

tetrad

35
Q

Shortest phase

A

Metaphase I

36
Q

Alignment of chromosomes at the center.

A

Metaphase I

37
Q

Independent Assortment: Variation

A

Metaphase I

38
Q

Random pairing of chromosomes in the middle

Formula: 2^n

8,____,608 combinations (humans)

A

8,388,608 combinations

39
Q

s a tool used by scientists to identify, organize, and study human chromosomes

A

Karyotyping

40
Q

CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS

PROBLEM DURING __- PHASE (REPLICATION) > Structure of c____________ > Deletion, d__________, Inversion, t_________

A

PROBLEM DURING S- PHASE (REPLICATION) > Structure of chromosomes > Deletion, duplication, Inversion, translocation

41
Q

CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS

PROBLEM DURING METAPHASE, METAPHASE 1 OR 2 >
Number of chromosomes
> non_____________> eu____
and an______

A

CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS

PROBLEM DURING METAPHASE, METAPHASE 1 OR 2 >
Number of chromosomes
> nondisjunction > Euploidy
and Aneuploidy

42
Q

removes a chromosomal segment

A

deletion

43
Q

AKA 5p- syndrome or cat cry syndrome

A

Cri du chat syndrome

44
Q

is a rare genetic condition that is caused by the deletion of genetic material on the small arm (the p arm) of chromosome 5.

A

Cri du chat syndrome

45
Q

high-pitched cat-like cry

A

Cri du chat syndrome - Symptoms

46
Q

mental retardation

A

Cri du chat syndrome - Symptoms

47
Q

delayed development

A

Cri du chat syndrome - Symptoms

48
Q

distinctive facial features, small head size (microcephaly)

A

Cri du chat syndrome - Symptoms

49
Q

widely-spaced eyes (hypertelorism)

A

Cri du chat syndrome - Symptoms

50
Q

low birth weight

A

Cri du chat syndrome - Symptoms

51
Q

weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy.

A

Cri du chat syndrome - Symptoms

52
Q

repeats a segment

A

duplication

53
Q

duplication of chromosomal material on the long arm (q) of one of the chromosomes

A

Partial Trisomy 13q Syndrome

54
Q

abnormal facial features

A

Partial Trisomy 13q Syndrome

55
Q

growth and developmental delays, and birth abnormalities.

A

Partial Trisomy 13q Syndrome

56
Q

also a mental health retardation

A

Partial Trisomy 13q Syndrome

57
Q

X -Chromosome defect
Do not produce factor VIII
Excessive bleeding

A

Hemophilia A

58
Q

reverses a segments within a chromosome

A

inversion

59
Q

moves a segment from one chromosome to another non homologous one

A

translocation

60
Q

Infertility and Cancer

A

translocation

61
Q

occurs when homologous chromosomes (meiosis I) or sister chromatids (meiosis II) fail to separate during meiosis.

A

Nondisjunction

62
Q

refers to the state of having a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of a chromosome number.

A

Euploidy

63
Q

Euploidy

haploid > diploid (2) > T_______ (3) > t_________ (4)

A

Euploidy

haploid > diploid (2) > triploid (3) > tetraploid (4)

64
Q

refers to the state of having a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of a chromosome number common in plants.

A

Euploidy

65
Q

Common in plants, rarely in animals.
Causes formation of new species

A

Euploidy

66
Q

Refers to a condition in which one or a few chromosomes are added or deleted from the normal chromosome number.

A

Aneuploidy

67
Q

Aneuploidy

  1. N__________
  2. Monosomy
  3. t___________
  4. tetrasomy
A
  1. Nullisomy
  2. Monosomy
  3. Trisomy
  4. tetrasomy
68
Q

Very lethal in humans

A

Nullisomy Disorder

69
Q

Turner’s Syndrome
results from

A

Monosomy

70
Q

signs of what syndrome from monosomy

short stature
low hairline
shield shaped thorax
widely spread nipples
shortened metacarpal IV
small fingernails
brown spots (nevi)

A

Turner’s Syndrome

71
Q

signs of what syndrome from monosomy

characteristic facial features
fold of skin
constriction of aorta
poor breast development
elbow deformity
redimentary ovaries gonadal streak (underdeveloped gonadal structures)
no menstruation

A

Turner’s Syndrome

72
Q

syndromes because of trisomy

A

Trisomy 21 Syndrome
Down’s Syndrome

73
Q

what syndrome from trisomy has this signs and symptoms

growth failure, mental retardation
flat back of head
abnormal ears
many “loops” on fingertips
palm crease
special skin ridge patterns
unilateral or bilateral absence of one rib
intestinal blockage
umbilical hernia
abnormal pelvis
diminished muscle tone

A

Down’s Syndrome

74
Q

what syndrome from trisomy has this signs and symptoms

broad flat face slanting eyes epicanthic eyefold
short nose
short and broad hands
small and arched palate
big wrinkled tongue
dental anomalies
congenital heart disease
enlarged colon
big toes widely spaced

A

Down’s Syndrome

75
Q

syndrome because of tetrasomy

A

48,XXXX syndrome

76
Q

what syndrome from tetrasomy has this signs and symptoms

Mild to moderate speech and learning difficulties;
developmental delay;
distinctive facial features;
dental abnormalities;
hypotonia and joint laxity;

A

48,XXXX syndrome

77
Q

what syndrome from tetrasomy has this signs and symptoms

radioulnar synostosis;
heart defects;
hip dysplasia;
problems with ovarian function.

A

48,XXXX syndrome

Biology (12 decks)

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