M11: Energy Transformation Flashcards
Is the study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life.
Biochemistry
focuses on how living cells often produce, store or consume ATP.
Bioenergetics
understand how cells transfer energy in relation to processes like Respiration and Photosynthesis.
Bioenergetics
Is the process by which cells transform energy from one form to another.
Bioenergetics
Potential Energy
- C________
- T________
chemical
thermal
kinetic energy
- t________
- h_______
- E________
- R__________
thermal
heat
electrical
radiant
Potential Energy
____________ - Energy found in a substance
Chemical Energy
Stored chemical energy in a substance. (chemical bonds, nuclear bonds, electrostatic or intermolecular bonds)
thermal energy
Energy produce when atoms vibrate and produce heat
Thermal Energy
Energy in a substance that is being transferred because of a difference in temperature
Heat Energy
Energy produce when electrons move.
Electrical Energy
Energy produce when photons move.
Radiant Energy
Laws of Energy Transformation = Laws of T_________________
Laws of Energy Transformation = Laws of Thermodynamics
In biology, it refers to the study of energy transduction that occur in a living organisms.
Thermodynamics
the act of changing energy from one form to another
Transduction
Organisms need e_________to stay alive. > Organisms are energy t___________. > Organisms take in energy and t_______- it into new forms.
Organisms need energy to stay alive. > Organisms are energy transformers. > Organisms take in energy and transduce it into new forms.
Why is transduction in living organisms important?
To generate and maintain s________
To allow all kinds of m________
To maintain concentration and electrical gradients across membranes.
To maintain body t__________.
To generate and maintain structure
To allow all kinds of movement
To maintain concentration and electrical gradients
across membranes.
To maintain body temperature.
Example of Transduction in Biology
Light to Chemical energy – P___________
Light to Electrical energy – E_____ V_______
Chemical to Electrical – N__________ system
Chemical to Mechanical – m_________
Chemical to Chemical energy – R__________
Example of Transduction in Biology
Light to Chemical energy – Photosynthesis
Light to Electrical energy – Eye Vision
Chemical to Electrical – Nervous system
Chemical to Mechanical – Muscles
Chemical to Chemical energy – Respiration
It is the part of the universe on which you focus your attention.
Systems
Includes everything else in the universe
Surroundings
It is made up of both the systems and surroundings.
Universe
In photosynthesis the systems are the:
T_________
S________
All molecules/ compounds
Thylakoid
Stroma
All molecules/ compounds
in photocynthesis the surroundings are:
C_______
Cytoplasm
O___________
The whole cell
in photocynthesis the surroundings are:
Chlorophyll
Cytoplasm
Organelles
The whole cell
Types of Systems
- open
- c____
- i________
Types of Systems
- open
- close
- isolated
Flow of matter and energy changes into and out of the system is used to perform chemical and physical processes (metabolism).
open thermodynamic system -cell
1st Law of Thermodynamics
a.k.a
Law of conservation of e_________
1st Law of Thermodynamics
a.k.a
Law of conservation of energy
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
a.k.a
Law of e_________-
entropy
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can only change in form.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
he quantity of energy of the universe always remain constant.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Used to form complex carbohydrates necessary to build plant mass.
glucose
Change into ATP needed to perform cell functions such as DNA replication, mitosis, meiosis, cell movement, endocytosis, exocytosis, and apoptosis.
Glucose
Change into ATP into work energy
Glucose
By Rudolf Clausius
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Also known as the Law of Entropy.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
states that any spontaneously occurring process will always lead to an escalation in the entropy of the universe.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Change in the way matter and/or energy is distributed within the system.
spontaneous process
states that any spontaneously occurring process will always lead to an escalation in the entropy of the universe.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
A thermodynamic (energy) function that describes the degree of randomness or probability of existence.
Entropy
What is the significance of Entropy ?
The driving force for a spontaneous process is an _______- in the entropy of the ___________.
The driving force for a spontaneous process is an increase in the entropy of the universe.
A system and its surroundings always proceed to a state of maximum d_________ or entropy
A system and its surroundings always proceed to a state of maximum disorder or entropy
The total energy of the universe is ___________ , but the _________ is increasing.
The total energy of the universe is constant, but the entropy is increasing.
Energy conversions are (not/always) 100% efficient. Some can be transduced in another form of energy.
always
meaning of ATP
adenosine triphosphate
ATP is composed of nitrogenous base called, ________________, bound to the _________________ ribose and _________________ phosphate groups the bonds between the three phosphate groups are high energy- an enormous amount of energy is packed into these bonds.
adenine
sugar
three
When energy is needed, the ___________________ phosphate group is removed in a process called ___________________ releasing energy and forming adenosine ______________________.
terminal
hydolysis
diphosphate
This cycle from ATP to ADP and back again to ATP is called the _____________________.
atp cycle
Coupled Reaction
___________ reaction + _________ reaction
exergonic + endergonic
break chemical bonds of large reactants and produce smaller products
Exergonic Reaction
form chemical bonds of smaller reactants to produce larger products
Endergonic Reaction
Release energy
Exergonic Reaction
Absorbs energy
Endergonic Reaction
