M6: Cell Cycle Flashcards
is a repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotic cells
cell cycle
usually divides and self reproduce through binary fission
prokaryotic cells
what are the 3 major phases of the cell cycle
G0
M-Phase
interphase
for cell growth
- by the end of __________ a cell has two full sets of DNA (chromosomes) and is large enough to beign the dvision process
interphase
after interphase 23 pairs of chromosomes would become
46 pairs
interphase is divided into 3
G___1 (G1)
__ phase
____ __ (G2)
Gap 1 (G1)
s phase
gap 2
interphase part wherein cells grows and carry out normal functions and replicate their organelles
- longest phase
- for growth
gap1(g1)
second phase in the interphase
synthesis (S)
where dna synthesis happens
synthesis (S)
- last stage of interphase
- it is for additional growth
-prepares the cell for the next phase - adds size
Gap 2 (G2)
what is the m-phase
mitosis
for cell division: making two cells out of one cell
mitosis
phases of mitosis
P__________–
M_____________-
A_______________
T__________-
Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
originallly part of the telophase
cytokinesis
gap zero phase
G0
also known as quiescence state or Resting phase
G0
a cell in ___ phase can either stay there (not grow or divide anymore) or continue its progress and leave (senescent state)
G0
cell cycle can be divided into 2
a_____ phase
G_____ phase
action phase
gap phase
phase where s_phase (dna replication) and m-phase (mitotic division) happens
action phase
Where G0 (resting). G1 (Growth), G2 (Growth) is
gap phase
DNA Synthesis
dna/double helix > H______- > Nucleosome > C____ > Superc____ > C_________
dna/double helix > histones - > Nucleosome > coils > supercoils > chromosome
single dna strand
chromatid
cells that don’t divide anymore
neurons or nerve cells
After replication, chromatid becomes ________ ______ and looks like an x composed of ______ chromatids
Homologous chromosomes, sister
There are 4 distinct events that happen in ________
- Further condensing of the dna
- The nuclear envelope strts to disappear
- Centrioles would move towards the opposite side
- Spindle fibers start to appear
Prophase
The shortest part of mitosis
Metaphase
There are only two things that happen during ________
- Chromosomes allign each other in the center
- Spindle fibers attach th centromere of eachs ister chromatids to the poles of the cell
Metaphase
Mitosis (m-phase) is only ___% of the cell cycle
20
Is the division of cytoplasm into two individual cells
Cytokinesis
when does a cell know when it needs to divide
when it reaches its maximum size
also known as senescent state
g0
middle of the chromatids
centromere
where the spindle fiber attaches
- attaches the sister chromatids
centromere
there are 3 distinct events in this phase
- centromeres that join the sister chromatids split
- sister chromatid sepreate becoming individual chromosomes
- seperated chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase
the last pahse of mitosis consists of four events:
- chromosomes (each consisting of a single chromatid) uncoil.
- a nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole of the cell
- spindle fibers break down and dissolve
- cytokinesis begins
telophase
tehprocess of cytokinesis differs somewhat in plant and animal cells
- animal cells - c______ f______
- plant cells - c____ p_______
- animal cells - cleavage furrow
- plant cells - cell plate
m_____ and c_______ produce two genetically identical daughter cells
mitosis and cytokinesis
rate of cell division is different in all cells
cell type - approximate lifespan
skin cell - ______
red blood cell - _______
liver cell - ________
intestine-internal lining -___________
intestine-muscles and other tissues - ___________
skin cell - 2 weeks
red blood cell - 4 months
liver cell - 300-500 days
intestine-internal lining -4-5 days
intestine-muscles and other tissues - 16 years
stops the cycle if it needs to be stopped
cell cycle control points
3 cell cycle control points
- end of ___
- end of ___, before mitosis
- _______ of m phase
- end of G1
- end of G2, before mitosis
- metaphase of m phase
prevent mutant cells from replicating or prevent cancer
cell cycle control points
detect DNA damage
cell cycle control points
if the dna is damaged the cell cycle control points will:
- r_____, if not > 2. it will undergo a_______
- repair, if not > 2. it will undergo apoptosis
it is cell death or cell suicide
apoptosis
G1 (cell growth)
for cell growth to happen c____ must bind with c____ d_________ K________ (___)
cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)
cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) =
gene transcription
start of the production of protein
gene transcription
gene t___________- > t__________ > p_________
gene transcription > translation > protein
if of cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) happens or bonds, the cell will
- increase in s____
- increase e____ and p_______ production
- formation of o_________ (cell growth)
- increase in size
- increase energy and protein production
- formation of organelles (cell growth)
Gap 1 - checkpoints is found in the _____ phase of gap 1
end phase of gap 1
also known as restriction checkpoints
gap 1 checkpoint
stops cell division
gap 1 checkpoint or restriction checkpoint
Gap 1 checkpoint will stop cell division because of p______ p_______ (t___________ receptors)
pocket proteins (transcriptional repressors)
what are the important pocket proteins (transcriptional repressors) in Gap 1- checkpoint
Rb and p53
what is the transcription factor in gap 1 - checkpoint
E2F
- they allow transcription to happen
- responsible for gene transcription to start
transcription factor
2 ways to stop the progression of G1 to S phase
- ___ will bind to ___, which will stop gene transcription, progress of g1 to s phase, and cell division
- ____ will stimulate ____ which will inhibit (stop) ____ which will stimulate ___ that will bind to ____
- Rb will bind to E2F, which will stop gene transcription, progress of g1 to s phase, and cell division
- p53 will stimulate p21which will inhibit (stop) CDK which will stimulate Rb that will bind to E2F
found in the end phase of gap 2
gap 2 - checkpoint
a checkpoint that also stops cell division
gap 2 - checkpoint
pocket protein repressors present in the cell and active in gap 2 which will stop the progress of g2 to m phase
- ___
- ___
- ___
- ____
p53
ATM
chk1
chk2
how progression of g2 to m phase is stop
___ plus ___ will stimulate ____ and ____
p53 plus ATM will stimulate chk1 and chk2
the last checkpoint
metaphase checkpoint
also known as spindle checkpoint
metaphase checkpoint
does not stop cell division but delays the progression of metaphase to anaphase
metaphase checkpoint
progression of metaphase to anaphase is delayed when:
- the _______ are not ____ in the ________
- if the _______ ______ is not properly attached to the _________
- the chromosomes are not aligned in the center
- if the spindle fiber is not properly attached to the centromere
the progression from metaphase to anaphase is because of A__________ promoting c______ (___)
anaphase promoting complex (APC)
- this is a protein sensor
- it senses that the chromosomes and spindle fibers are already in its proper places
anaphase promoting complex (APC)
metaphase would proceed to anaphase by the process of:
- U_________
- P_________
Ubiquitination
proteolysis
anaphase promoting complex (APC) will:
degrade s_____ > which will stimulate s_________ > which will cut the c_____ > which will separate the c________
degrade securin > which will stimulate separase > which will cut the cohesin > which will separate the chromatids
is a protein that secures the chromosomes, make sure that they are in the middle, the centromeres are properly attached in the middle and the chromosomes are properly attached together
securin
they separate the centromere
separase
attaches the sister chromatids together
cohesin
