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Biology > M6: Cell Cycle > Flashcards

M6: Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

is a repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotic cells

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

usually divides and self reproduce through binary fission

A

prokaryotic cells

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3
Q

what are the 3 major phases of the cell cycle

A

G0
M-Phase
interphase

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4
Q

for cell growth
- by the end of __________ a cell has two full sets of DNA (chromosomes) and is large enough to beign the dvision process

A

interphase

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5
Q

after interphase 23 pairs of chromosomes would become

A

46 pairs

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6
Q

interphase is divided into 3

G___1 (G1)
__ phase
____ __ (G2)

A

Gap 1 (G1)
s phase
gap 2

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7
Q

interphase part wherein cells grows and carry out normal functions and replicate their organelles
- longest phase
- for growth

A

gap1(g1)

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8
Q

second phase in the interphase

A

synthesis (S)

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9
Q

where dna synthesis happens

A

synthesis (S)

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10
Q
  • last stage of interphase
  • it is for additional growth
    -prepares the cell for the next phase
  • adds size
A

Gap 2 (G2)

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11
Q

what is the m-phase

A

mitosis

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12
Q

for cell division: making two cells out of one cell

A

mitosis

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13
Q

phases of mitosis

P__________–
M_____________-
A_______________
T__________-

A

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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14
Q

originallly part of the telophase

A

cytokinesis

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15
Q

gap zero phase

A

G0

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16
Q

also known as quiescence state or Resting phase

A

G0

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17
Q

a cell in ___ phase can either stay there (not grow or divide anymore) or continue its progress and leave (senescent state)

A

G0

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18
Q

cell cycle can be divided into 2

a_____ phase
G_____ phase

A

action phase
gap phase

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19
Q

phase where s_phase (dna replication) and m-phase (mitotic division) happens

A

action phase

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20
Q

Where G0 (resting). G1 (Growth), G2 (Growth) is

A

gap phase

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21
Q

DNA Synthesis

dna/double helix > H______- > Nucleosome > C____ > Superc____ > C_________

A

dna/double helix > histones - > Nucleosome > coils > supercoils > chromosome

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22
Q

single dna strand

A

chromatid

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23
Q

cells that don’t divide anymore

A

neurons or nerve cells

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24
Q

After replication, chromatid becomes ________ ______ and looks like an x composed of ______ chromatids

A

Homologous chromosomes, sister

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25
Q

There are 4 distinct events that happen in ________

  1. Further condensing of the dna
  2. The nuclear envelope strts to disappear
  3. Centrioles would move towards the opposite side
  4. Spindle fibers start to appear
A

Prophase

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26
Q

The shortest part of mitosis

A

Metaphase

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27
Q

There are only two things that happen during ________

  1. Chromosomes allign each other in the center
  2. Spindle fibers attach th centromere of eachs ister chromatids to the poles of the cell
A

Metaphase

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28
Q

Mitosis (m-phase) is only ___% of the cell cycle

A

20

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29
Q

Is the division of cytoplasm into two individual cells

A

Cytokinesis

30
Q

when does a cell know when it needs to divide

A

when it reaches its maximum size

31
Q

also known as senescent state

A

g0

32
Q

middle of the chromatids

A

centromere

33
Q

where the spindle fiber attaches
- attaches the sister chromatids

A

centromere

34
Q

there are 3 distinct events in this phase

  1. centromeres that join the sister chromatids split
  2. sister chromatid sepreate becoming individual chromosomes
  3. seperated chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
A

anaphase

35
Q

the last pahse of mitosis consists of four events:

  1. chromosomes (each consisting of a single chromatid) uncoil.
  2. a nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole of the cell
  3. spindle fibers break down and dissolve
  4. cytokinesis begins
A

telophase

36
Q

tehprocess of cytokinesis differs somewhat in plant and animal cells

  1. animal cells - c______ f______
  2. plant cells - c____ p_______
A
  1. animal cells - cleavage furrow
  2. plant cells - cell plate
37
Q

m_____ and c_______ produce two genetically identical daughter cells

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

38
Q

rate of cell division is different in all cells

cell type - approximate lifespan
skin cell - ______
red blood cell - _______
liver cell - ________
intestine-internal lining -___________
intestine-muscles and other tissues - ___________

A

skin cell - 2 weeks
red blood cell - 4 months
liver cell - 300-500 days
intestine-internal lining -4-5 days
intestine-muscles and other tissues - 16 years

39
Q

stops the cycle if it needs to be stopped

A

cell cycle control points

40
Q

3 cell cycle control points

  1. end of ___
  2. end of ___, before mitosis
  3. _______ of m phase
A
  1. end of G1
  2. end of G2, before mitosis
  3. metaphase of m phase
41
Q

prevent mutant cells from replicating or prevent cancer

A

cell cycle control points

42
Q

detect DNA damage

A

cell cycle control points

43
Q

if the dna is damaged the cell cycle control points will:

  1. r_____, if not > 2. it will undergo a_______
A
  1. repair, if not > 2. it will undergo apoptosis
44
Q

it is cell death or cell suicide

A

apoptosis

45
Q

G1 (cell growth)

for cell growth to happen c____ must bind with c____ d_________ K________ (___)

A

cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)

46
Q

cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) =

A

gene transcription

47
Q

start of the production of protein

A

gene transcription

48
Q

gene t___________- > t__________ > p_________

A

gene transcription > translation > protein

49
Q

if of cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) happens or bonds, the cell will

  1. increase in s____
  2. increase e____ and p_______ production
  3. formation of o_________ (cell growth)
A
  1. increase in size
  2. increase energy and protein production
  3. formation of organelles (cell growth)
50
Q

Gap 1 - checkpoints is found in the _____ phase of gap 1

A

end phase of gap 1

51
Q

also known as restriction checkpoints

A

gap 1 checkpoint

52
Q

stops cell division

A

gap 1 checkpoint or restriction checkpoint

53
Q

Gap 1 checkpoint will stop cell division because of p______ p_______ (t___________ receptors)

A

pocket proteins (transcriptional repressors)

54
Q

what are the important pocket proteins (transcriptional repressors) in Gap 1- checkpoint

A

Rb and p53

55
Q

what is the transcription factor in gap 1 - checkpoint

A

E2F

56
Q
  • they allow transcription to happen
  • responsible for gene transcription to start
A

transcription factor

57
Q

2 ways to stop the progression of G1 to S phase

  1. ___ will bind to ___, which will stop gene transcription, progress of g1 to s phase, and cell division
  2. ____ will stimulate ____ which will inhibit (stop) ____ which will stimulate ___ that will bind to ____
A
  1. Rb will bind to E2F, which will stop gene transcription, progress of g1 to s phase, and cell division
  2. p53 will stimulate p21which will inhibit (stop) CDK which will stimulate Rb that will bind to E2F
58
Q

found in the end phase of gap 2

A

gap 2 - checkpoint

59
Q

a checkpoint that also stops cell division

A

gap 2 - checkpoint

60
Q

pocket protein repressors present in the cell and active in gap 2 which will stop the progress of g2 to m phase

  1. ___
  2. ___
  3. ___
  4. ____
A

p53
ATM
chk1
chk2

61
Q

how progression of g2 to m phase is stop

___ plus ___ will stimulate ____ and ____

A

p53 plus ATM will stimulate chk1 and chk2

62
Q

the last checkpoint

A

metaphase checkpoint

63
Q

also known as spindle checkpoint

A

metaphase checkpoint

64
Q

does not stop cell division but delays the progression of metaphase to anaphase

A

metaphase checkpoint

65
Q

progression of metaphase to anaphase is delayed when:

  1. the _______ are not ____ in the ________
  2. if the _______ ______ is not properly attached to the _________
A
  1. the chromosomes are not aligned in the center
  2. if the spindle fiber is not properly attached to the centromere
66
Q

the progression from metaphase to anaphase is because of A__________ promoting c______ (___)

A

anaphase promoting complex (APC)

67
Q
  • this is a protein sensor
  • it senses that the chromosomes and spindle fibers are already in its proper places
A

anaphase promoting complex (APC)

68
Q

metaphase would proceed to anaphase by the process of:

  1. U_________
  2. P_________
A

Ubiquitination
proteolysis

69
Q

anaphase promoting complex (APC) will:

degrade s_____ > which will stimulate s_________ > which will cut the c_____ > which will separate the c________

A

degrade securin > which will stimulate separase > which will cut the cohesin > which will separate the chromatids

70
Q

is a protein that secures the chromosomes, make sure that they are in the middle, the centromeres are properly attached in the middle and the chromosomes are properly attached together

A

securin

71
Q

they separate the centromere

A

separase

72
Q

attaches the sister chromatids together

A

cohesin

Biology (9 decks)

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