M6: Mood Disorders

Question 1

Ancient Greeks like Hippocrates and Galen called depression

Answer 1

melancholia

Question 2

major depressive disorder is often co-morbid w … (3)

Answer 2

anxiety disorder, OCD, substance abuse

Question 3

stress related hormone

Answer 3

cortisol (a glucocorticoid)

Question 4

depression prevalence in females to males

Answer 4

2:1

Question 5

children describe depression in terms of …

Answer 5

physical symptoms (i.e. headaches, stomach aches)

Question 6

cognitive model: cause of depression (2)

Answer 6

focusing on (-); viewing past w negativity in general

Question 7

negative cognitive triad in relation to depression

Answer 7

(-) schemas of (1) self (2) world (3) future

Question 8

activity of anterior cingulate cortex increases when normal indv’s are asked to …

Answer 8

focus on (-) info

Question 9

activity of anterior cingulate cortex increases when depressed indv’s are asked to …

Answer 9

focus on (+) info

Question 10

macrophage theory of depression: cause for disinterest in interactions and general malaise

Answer 10

malfunction of immune system results in release of cytokines (chem signals from immune that produce when infections occur)

Question 11

psychological condition often found prior to puberty in indv’s who develop major depression

Answer 11

elevated anxiety disorders

Question 12

relationship b/w cortical thickness and symptoms of major depression

Answer 12

less thick&raquo_space; greater symptoms

Question 13

resource conservation (evolutionary advantage of depression)

Answer 13

by ceasing activity and conserving energy in failed situations, we save energy for situations that may be more fruitful

Question 14

theories of social competition (evolutionary advantage of depression) (2)

Answer 14

part of de-escalation strategy of losing indv in social competition; allows intact escape w/out further harm

Question 15

social risk hypothesis (evolutionary advantage of depression)

Answer 15

limit amount of humiliation a person faces by encouraging withdrawal and signs of social submission (i.e. cessation of eye contact, lowered voice)

Question 16

effectiveness of CBT on depression vs anti-depressant medications

Answer 16

both equally effective short-term; CBT more effective long term w/ lower relapse rate

Question 17

antidepressant medication on brain

Answer 17

decrease hyperactivity in amygdala

Question 18

cognitive therapy on brain

Answer 18

increases prefrontal cortex functioning&raquo_space; decrease amygdala activity

Question 19

classes of anti-depressants (4)

Answer 19

Tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, SSRI’s, SNRI’s

selective serotonin/norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors

Question 20

common side effects of anti-depressants (4)

Answer 20

(1) weight gain (2) sleep problems (3) decreased libido (4) increased suicidal thoughts

Question 21

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on depression

Answer 21

reduces connectivity b/w frontal lobes and limbic system

Question 22

Vagal Nerve Stimulation was a originally developed to treat

Answer 22

epilepsy; now used to decrease depression

Question 23

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 23

generates pulses of magnetic fields about DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) to treat depression

Question 24

cognitive therapists like Beck, attribute depression to …

Answer 24

(-), dysfunctional thoughts

Question 25

sex differences in suicide attempts/deaths

Answer 25

females attempt suicide more; males kill themselves more (due to more deadly means)

Question 26

emotion focused therapy for depression

Answer 26

requires participants to relive emotions associated w/ past experiences (in safe environment), in order to learn new responses

Question 27

bipolar II vs bipolar I

Answer 27

II victims have major bouts of depression interspersed w/ less vivid, and shorter-lived mania “hypomania”

Question 28

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 28

mild bipolar disorder (less severe mood changes)

Question 29

famous indv’s w/ bipolar disorder

Answer 29

Teddy Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Wolf

Question 30

common treatment for bipolar disorder

Answer 30

lithium carbonate (simple salt)

Question 31

suicide rate of US vs world

Answer 31

middle (higher and lower in other countries)

Question 32

personality traits associated w/ suicide ideation (2)

Answer 32

aggression + impulsivity