M6: Mood Disorders Flashcards
Ancient Greeks like Hippocrates and Galen called depression
melancholia
major depressive disorder is often co-morbid w … (3)
anxiety disorder, OCD, substance abuse
stress related hormone
cortisol (a glucocorticoid)
depression prevalence in females to males
2:1
children describe depression in terms of …
physical symptoms (i.e. headaches, stomach aches)
cognitive model: cause of depression (2)
focusing on (-); viewing past w negativity in general
negative cognitive triad in relation to depression
(-) schemas of (1) self (2) world (3) future
activity of anterior cingulate cortex increases when normal indv’s are asked to …
focus on (-) info
activity of anterior cingulate cortex increases when depressed indv’s are asked to …
focus on (+) info
macrophage theory of depression: cause for disinterest in interactions and general malaise
malfunction of immune system results in release of cytokines (chem signals from immune that produce when infections occur)
psychological condition often found prior to puberty in indv’s who develop major depression
elevated anxiety disorders
relationship b/w cortical thickness and symptoms of major depression
less thick»_space; greater symptoms
resource conservation (evolutionary advantage of depression)
by ceasing activity and conserving energy in failed situations, we save energy for situations that may be more fruitful
theories of social competition (evolutionary advantage of depression) (2)
part of de-escalation strategy of losing indv in social competition; allows intact escape w/out further harm
social risk hypothesis (evolutionary advantage of depression)
limit amount of humiliation a person faces by encouraging withdrawal and signs of social submission (i.e. cessation of eye contact, lowered voice)
effectiveness of CBT on depression vs anti-depressant medications
both equally effective short-term; CBT more effective long term w/ lower relapse rate
antidepressant medication on brain
decrease hyperactivity in amygdala
cognitive therapy on brain
increases prefrontal cortex functioning»_space; decrease amygdala activity
classes of anti-depressants (4)
Tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, SSRI’s, SNRI’s
selective serotonin/norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors
common side effects of anti-depressants (4)
(1) weight gain (2) sleep problems (3) decreased libido (4) increased suicidal thoughts
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on depression
reduces connectivity b/w frontal lobes and limbic system
Vagal Nerve Stimulation was a originally developed to treat
epilepsy; now used to decrease depression
transcranial magnetic stimulation
generates pulses of magnetic fields about DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) to treat depression
cognitive therapists like Beck, attribute depression to …
(-), dysfunctional thoughts
sex differences in suicide attempts/deaths
females attempt suicide more; males kill themselves more (due to more deadly means)
emotion focused therapy for depression
requires participants to relive emotions associated w/ past experiences (in safe environment), in order to learn new responses
bipolar II vs bipolar I
II victims have major bouts of depression interspersed w/ less vivid, and shorter-lived mania “hypomania”
cyclothymic disorder
mild bipolar disorder (less severe mood changes)
famous indv’s w/ bipolar disorder
Teddy Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Wolf
common treatment for bipolar disorder
lithium carbonate (simple salt)
suicide rate of US vs world
middle (higher and lower in other countries)
personality traits associated w/ suicide ideation (2)
aggression + impulsivity
