M2: Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology

Question 1

types of co-occuring clusters (2)

Answer 1

(1) internalizing disorders

(2) externalizing disorders

Question 2

examples of internalizing disorders (2)

Answer 2

anxiety, depression

Question 3

examples of externalizing disorders (4)

Answer 3

conduct d, antisocial personality d, oppositional defiant d, substance abuse

Question 4

guideline published by APA that identifies + classifies mental illnesses

Answer 4

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 5

drugs that cause pleasure often involve dopamine in what brain structure?

Answer 5

nucleus accumbens

Question 6

brain activity difference b/w CBT and drug Tx’s for treating depression (2)

Answer 6

(1) CBT increases frontal lobe activity (2) drugs reduce emotional responsiveness originating from amygdala

Question 7

genes are often the same across different species. what difference causes variable results?

Answer 7

regulation of genes - determine which genes are on and off at what times

Question 8

part of neuron that RECEIVES signals from other cells

Answer 8

dendrites

Question 9

part of neuron that TRANSMITS signals to other cells

Answer 9

axons

Question 10

insulating material that surround axons and influences speeds of transmission

Answer 10

myelin

Question 11

drugs that treat mental illness function at the level of the …

Answer 11

synapse

Question 12

how does EEG (electroencephalography) detect brain activity?

Answer 12

measures electrical activity of the brain using sensors on the head

Question 13

event-related/evoked potentials

Answer 13

EEG tracings associated w given event, such as recognizing a stimulus

Question 14

MEG (magnetoencephalography)

Answer 14

measures magnetic fields given off by the brain

Question 15

EEG (electroencephalography) provides …

Answer 15

a more accurate spatial location for brain activity

Question 16

PET (positron emission tomography)

Answer 16

monitors metabolism of radioactive elements to show what regions of the brain are active at a given time

Question 17

functional MRI

Answer 17

monitors changes in oxygen absorption to indicate where in the brain oxygen is being used most

Question 18

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Answer 18

used w/ MRI; allows us to see clusters of axons, or white matter, that connects diff parts of brain together

Question 19

brain scan system that detect change in shortest time (2)

Answer 19

MEG + EEG

Question 20

brain activity associated with the default or intrinsic network

Answer 20

active when mind wanders; when not engaged in tasks

Question 21

mental disorder associated w problems turning default/intrinsic network off

Answer 21

schizophrenia

Question 22

mental processes that activate central executive network (5)

Answer 22

planning, setting goals, directing attention, performing, working memory

Question 23

brain activity associated w salience network (2)

Answer 23

(1) monitoring external world (2) monitoring internal cognitive states of changes

Question 24

brain parts activate and deactivate together, meaning they must be areas that …

Answer 24

work together

Question 25

SMALL molecule neurotransmitters involved in …

Answer 25

rapid functions at particular intervals

Question 26

LARGE molecule neurotransmitter involved in …

Answer 26

slow, ongoing neural functions

Question 27

neurotransmitters like OPIOIDS …

Answer 27

influence how communication of neurons occurs

Question 28

neurotransmitters like GLUTAMATE …

Answer 28

mediate communication b/w neurons

Question 29

neurotransmitters like ADRENALINE (epinephrine), NORADRENALINE (norepinephrine) and SEROTONIN …

Answer 29

affect large groups of neurons

Question 30

proportion of human genes that have varying alleles that allow humans differing traits

Answer 30

1/4

Question 31

DNA instructs …

Answer 31

ribosomes in cells to make proteins from AA’s

Question 32

critical issue in how DNA works

Answer 32

how genes are turned on and off

Question 33

study that describes environmental influence on genes

Answer 33

epigenetics

Question 34

histones

Answer 34

clusters of proteins

Question 35

function of methyl groups and acetyl groups (epigenetic markers)

Answer 35

methyl groups prevent DNA access; acetyl groups allow DNA access

Question 36

less attentive rat mothers caused attachment of methyl groups to DNA. this led rats to be …

Answer 36

more susceptible to stress, even though genes were unchanged

Question 37

mitochondrial DNA is inherited from which parent?

Answer 37

mother

Question 38

evolutionary, biological explanations of schizophrenia (3)

Answer 38

(1) protection from worse disorder (2) triggered by environment (3) creativity

Question 39

biological and psychological conditions associated with an epigenetic component (5)

Answer 39

diabetes, cancer, obesity, addiction, depression

Question 40

major difference b/w humans and other animals

Answer 40

imagination and expectations (a mental world separate from our physical one)

Question 41

neuroethics

Answer 41

study of moral issues involved in neurological advancements (i.e. genetic screening, brain scanning improvements)

Question 42

epigenetics

Answer 42

study of how environment turns genes on + off

Question 43

DSM-5 lists …

Answer 43

symptoms, syndromes, + mental illnesses to provide diagnostic criteria