M5 Flashcards
X is the highest good of human endeavors and that
toward which all actions aim.
Flourishing
According to Ceslas Spicq, the focus of ancient philosophers
was defining the X
well-lived life.
the philosophers called the well-lived life as X, which we can translate as “flourishing” or happiness.
Eudaimonia
X explains the Stoic’s core
teachings.
The Stoic Happiness Triangle
• The Stoic Happiness Triangle is part of the book ”X”
The
Little Book of Stoicism.
The only way to achieve true flourishing was to live a
life separate from the influence of X.
fickle emotions
This is about being your best
version in the here and now.
Live with Areté:
The Stoics
realized that there are things we control, and
things we don’t control.
Focus on What You Control:
Even if we don’t control
everything that happens, we must take
responsibility for our own lives. Because every
event offers an area we control, namely how
we judge the event and how we choose to
respond.
Take Responsibility:
Stoic Happiness Triangle
Live with Areté:
Focus on What You Control:
Take Responsibility:
Kant’s vision of ethics was that they should not be about the
X, but about principles of duty,
ultimately the duties that are X.
individual’s flourishing and happiness
universal to all people
The highest good for human beings is attaining both virtue and happiness at
the same time.
Immanuel Kant
epicurus’ ethics can be viewed as a form of X
egoistic hedonism (or hedonistic egoism).
Happiness is not ignored when making decisions in life. It is not
unimportant.
Immanuel Kant
There is no necessary connection between virtue and happiness,
frequently it is the case that doing what is right is in the opposition to
doing what would make us happy.
Immanuel Kant
• “We should all cultivate good will with the rest of the world, and that
is not a measure of happiness but real well-being.”
Immanuel Kant
“We all desire happiness as an end in itself, and all other things
are desired as a means for producing happiness.”
epicurus
He said that human beings need health of the body and calm of
the soul and that freedom from pain and peace of mind imply a
state of rest and tranquility. When it reaches this goal, he is in a
state of contentment and rest called happiness, eudaimonia, or
tranquility of mind (ataraxia).
epicurus
Virtues are rational behaviors that lead to X
Eudaimonia
Virtues are desirable purely as instrumental means to happiness
and are chosen because of pleasure and not for their own sake.
epicurus
Actions should be measured in terms of happiness or
pleasure that they produce.
Utilitarians
Happiness = pleasure and the absence of pain
Utilitarians
We should pursue pleasure and happiness not just for
ourselves, but for as many sentient beings as possible.
Utilitarians
X believed that happiness not pleasure should
be the standard of utility.
John Stuart Mill
For X, pleasure and pain govern not only how
human beings act but also how human beings ought to act
Jeremy Bentham
“I ought do that act which will bring about the greatest happiness (pleasure) for the greatest number of persons (the community).”
Utilitarians
Coined the word Eudaimonia.
Aristotle
He was an empiricist
Aristotle
• You should become virtuous because if you are, then you can attain
the pinnacle of humanity (Eudaimonia).
Aristotle
“All humans seek to flourish. It’s the proper and desired end of all of
our actions.”
Aristotle
There are four aspects of human nature, and he is often quoted
saying “Man is a rational creature who lives in poleis (societies).”
Aristotle
The four aspects of human nature are X
physical being, emotional
being, social being and rational being.
Is a treatise on the nature of moral life and human happiness based on the
unique essence of human nature.
NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS (NE/EN)
something worthwhile not because it leads to something else
but for its own sake alone.
Intrinsic Good
leads to something else that is good or a means to some
end.
Instrumental Good
let us buy
medicine and vitamins
for our health.
money
Does not encompasses all aspects of life
Pleasure?
what kind of good is wealth
intermediate good - only instrumental
happiness or welfare
EUDAIMONIA
eu – good
daimon – spirit
illustrates a nested hierarchy of the functions
and activities of the soul.
Aristotle’s TRIPARTE SOUL –
all living things require nourishment and ability to
reproduce.
Nutritive Degree –
only animals and humans have the ability to move and
perceive.
Sensitive Degree –
only humans are capable of practical and theoretical
functions.
Rational Degree –
is only possible by living a life of virtue.
For Aristotle, eudaimonia
Greek term defined as “excellence of any kind” and “moral virtue.”
Arête –
Two types of virtues:
❖ Intellectual & Moral Virtue
achieved through education, time, and experience.
Intellectual Virtue
–
is a key intellectual virtue that guide
ethical behavior
Wisdom
is gained from scientific endeavors
and contemplation.
Understanding
can be achieved
through formal and non formal means.
Both Wisdom and Understanding
are acquired through self-taught
knowledge and skills.
Intellectual virtues
achieved through habitual practice
Moral Virtue
is a key moral virtue that by being
repeatedly unselfish
Generosity
is gained by repeatedly resisting
every inviting opportunity.
Temperance
is gained by repeatedly exhibiting the
proper action and emotional response in the
face of danger.
Courage
is like a skill that is acquired
through repeated practice.
Moral Virtue
The X in the sense of eudaimonia is the state of being happy, health,
and prosperous in the way on thinks, lives, and acts.
good life
