M3B Cardiovascular Pathology

Question 1

arrhythmias

Answer 1

abnormal heart rhythms

Question 2

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

Answer 2

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

Question 3

flutter

Answer 3

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

Question 4

fibrillation

Answer 4

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart

Question 5

congenital heart disease

Answer 5

abnormalities in the heart at birth

Question 6

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

Answer 6

narrowing of the aorta

Question 7

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 7

passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth

Question 8

septal defects

Answer 8

small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles

Question 9

tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 9

Congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

1. Pulmonary artery stenosis
2. Ventricular septal defect
3. Shift of the aorta to the right
4. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle

Question 10

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer 10

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

Question 11

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 11

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

Question 12

endocarditis

Answer 12

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Question 13

hypertensive heart disease

Answer 13

high blood pressure affecting the heart

Question 14

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Answer 14

improper closure of the mitral valve

Question 15

murmur

Answer 15

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

Question 16

pericarditis

Answer 16

inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

Question 17

rheumatic heart disease

Answer 17

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

Question 18

aneurysm

Answer 18

local widening of an arterial wall

Question 19

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 19

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

Question 20

hypertension (HTN)

Answer 20

high blood pressure

Question 21

peripheral arterial disease

Answer 21

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

Question 22

Raynaud disease

Answer 22

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

Question 23

varicose veins

Answer 23

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs