M2. Immunization Flashcards
Provides immediate but temporary protection against
infection
Passive immunity
Protection provided by a person’s own immune system. The antigen stimulates the immune system to produce
antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity
Active immmunity
He used cowpox as vaccine
Edward jenner
The vaccine is injected into the muscle, and ___ take up the protein antigen
dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are
activated through ____
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
In combination with signaling (by soluble antigen) through the B cell receptor (BCR), the T cells drive B cell development in the ____
lymph node.
can proliferate rapidly when they encounter a pathogen, and CD8+ effector T cells are important for the elimination of the infected cells.
CD8+ memory T cells
can continue to produce
antibodies for decades travel to reside in bone marrow niches.
Long lived plasma cells
Derived from “wild” viruses or bacteria that are
attenuated (weakened) in a laboratory, usually by
repeated culturing
Live attenuated vaccines
Produced by growing viruses or bacteria in culture
media then subjected to heat or chemical agents. May not elicit the range of immunologic response
provided by live attenuated vaccines
INACTIVATED VACCINES
Contain bacteria or viruses killed through a physical or
chemical process
Whole cell inactivated vaccines
Made using inactivated toxins produced by bacteria
→ Tetanus, Diphtheria
Toxoid vaccine
Produced through recombinant DNA technology (enables combination of DNA from two or more sources)
→ HPV
Recombinant vaccines
True or false General Rule: Almost all vaccines can be administered
at the same visit
True
True or False: Vaccine doses should not be administered at less than
the recommended minimum intervals or earlier than
the indicated maximum age
False; should be minimum age
How much inactivated injectable vaccines can be
given in the same visit.
2-3
How much live vaccines can be simultaneously given in the
same visit.
2
How much live parenteral vaccines can be given together with the second dose of both vaccines usually
administered after __ weeks.
2; 4 weeks
What SHOULD NOT be done when administering vaccines Orally
• DO NOT administer or spray directly into the throat.
Subcutaneous injection of the vaccine should be done where
upper outer triceps of the arm
Intramuscular injection of the vaccine should be done where
anterolateral thigh (vastus lateralis muscle) and upper arm (deltoid muscle)
Most ____ vaccines are administered by
intramuscular route
inactivated
Intradermal Vaccine administered between layers of the skin until a ____ develops.
wheal
Subset of reactions occurring soon after receipt of a vaccine
REACTOGENIC REACTIONS
Rare but potentially life-threatening severe
allergic reaction to vaccine
Anaphylaxis
• Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
• Incubation period: 1 - 5 days
• Transmitted from person to person through close
physical and respiratory contact.
Diptheria
- Viral infection of the liver
* Transmitted through contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids
Hepatitis B
- Most common sexually transmitted infection affecting the skin and mucous membranes of the genital areas of men and women
- Easily spread by skin-to-skin contact
Human Papilovirus
• Caused by influenza viruses A and B
• Incubation period: 1 - 4 days
• Transmitted through droplets produced when
coughing or sneezing
Influenza
Brain infection caused by a virus normally from
infected birds and domestic animals (especially, pigs
and wading birds).
• Transmitted via Culex mosquitoes as vector
• Endemic in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and Northern
Australia.
Jap. Encephalitis
- Acute viral infection caused by the measles virus
- Incubation period: 10 - 14 days (range 7 - 23 days)
- Transmitted through the air by respiratory droplets
Measles
• Sometimes referred to as infectious parotitis
• Incubation period: 14 - 21 days
• Transmitted through airborne droplets released when
coughing or sneezing and through direct contact with
an infected person
Mumps
• Also known as whooping cough
• Caused by Bordetella pertussis affecting the
respiratory tract
• Incubation period: 9 - 10 days (range: 6 - 20 days)
• Highly contagious and spreads through droplet
transmission
Perutussis
Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumococcus)
• Spread from person to person by coughing, sneezing,
or close contact (through pneumococci contained in
respiratory droplets from people who have the
bacteria in their noses or throats)
Pneumonococcal disease
• Highly infectious disease of the central nervous
system caused by three closely related polioviruses
(Types 1, 2, and 3)
• Incubation time: 7- 10 days
• Transmitted by contact with infected feces
Polio
Characteristics of OPV (Oral Polio vaccines) gone rougue
- Paralysis
2. Spread
• Highly infectious diarrheal disease caused by
Rotavirus strains affecting the small intestines
Rotaviruses
• Usually mild viral infection in children and adults
• Spread in airborne droplets when sneezing or
coughing
• Symptoms: maculopapular rash, low-grade fever, neck
lymphadenopathy
Rubella
Common symptoms: Spasms and stiffness of jaw
muscles (trismus), stiffness of neck and abdominal
muscles, difficulty swallowing, and painful body
spasms lasting for several minutes, typically triggered
by minor occurrences such as draft, loud noise,
physical touch, or light
Tetanus
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Highly contagious through airborne transmission
• usually attacks the lungs but may affect other parts of
the body
• Symptoms: General weakness,weight loss, fever, night
sweats, persistent cough, hemoptysis (coughing of
blood), failure to thrive in children
Tuberculosis
is an important feature of vaccineinduced
protection. It is achieved when susceptible
individuals are indirectly protected by vaccinated
individuals.
Herd immunity
