M - Bacterial And Viral Vaccines

Question 1

What is R0

Answer 1

Number of people 1 infected person will infect

Question 2

What R0 value will halt transmission of a virus

Answer 2

<1

Question 3

What does a high R value indicate

Answer 3

More contagious

Question 4

What is herd immunity threshold

Answer 4

Threshold of immune ppl needed to stop spread of disease

Question 5

How do you calculate the herd immunity threshold

Answer 5

1 / R0

Question 6

Which type of immunity is slow /fast

Answer 6

Adaptive (T/B cells) is slow, innate is fast

Question 7

Describe the cellular process from vaccine to immunity

Answer 7

Vaccine —> APC —> Cd4 T cells —> recruit naive B cells —> mature to plasma B cells —> produce ABs - either neutralising or cellular cytotoxic
Or cd4 T cell —> naive Tk cells —> active Tk cells —> kill infected cells —> memory Tk cells

Question 8

Name 6 main types of vaccine

Answer 8

Inactivated
Live attenuated
Virus like particles
Recombinant subunit
RNA
DNA

Question 9

What is live attenuated

Answer 9

Weakened version of virus that replicates lexs

Question 10

What is virus like particle vaccine

Answer 10

Mimics virus but no genome

Question 11

What is recombinant subunit

Answer 11

Synthetic nano particle covered in viral Ag

Question 12

Benefits of inactivated vaccine

Answer 12

Stab,e
Constituents defined
No infection caused

Question 13

Cons of inactivated vaccine

Answer 13

Several doses needed
Less immunogenicity
Adjuvant
Local reactions

Question 14

Cons of live attenuated vaccine

Answer 14

Not for immunosuppressive people

Question 15

Examples of toxoid vaccine

Answer 15

Tetanus
Diphtheria

Question 16

Example of conjugate vaccine

Answer 16

HiB

Question 17

What is conjugate vaccine

Answer 17

Immunogenicity protein added to Ag

Question 18

What type of vaccine is BCG

Answer 18

heterotypic (pathogens that infect animals not humans)

Question 19

Example of viral vector

Answer 19

AZ Covid

Question 20

Example of RNA vaccine

Answer 20

Pfizer / Moderna

Question 21

2 types of coverage of vaccines

Answer 21

Monovalent (1 strain)
Multivalent

Question 22

How is it decided what age to give ppl the vaccine

Answer 22

Just before age peak of disease

Question 23

6 factors for disease eradication to be feasible

Answer 23

No animal reservoir
Antigenic stability with few strains
No latent reservoir
No integration of genome into host genome
Vaccine makes lasting response
High coverage if very contagious