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Pathology > C - Meeran's Q Time & EFA > Flashcards

C - Meeran's Q Time & EFA Flashcards

1
Q

fasting plasmas glucose cut off for DM

A

> 7

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2
Q

HbA1c cut off for DM

A

> 6.5% (48mmol/L)

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3
Q

2hr OGTT cut off for DM

A

> 11.1mM

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4
Q

2hr OGTT cut off for impaired glucose tolerance

A

9 to 11

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5
Q

48F presents unconscious, dehydrated, vomitting, polyuria, polydypsia.
O/E obese, dehydrated, low BP, glucose in urine. Dx?

A

hyperosmolar non ketotic coma

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6
Q

1st Ix for ?hyperosmolar non ketotic coma

A

ABG

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7
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

H+ loss - vomiting
low K+
bicarb ingestion

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8
Q

how does compensation for metabolic alkalosis come about

A

alkalosis inhibits hyperventiliation therefore more CO2 retained to normalise the pH

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9
Q

osmolality equation

A

= charged + uncharged ions
= Na + K + Cl + HCO3 + urea + glucose
= 2(Na + K) + urea + glucose

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10
Q

anion gap equation

A

(Na + K) - (HCO3 + Cl)

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11
Q

what is a normal anion gap

A

12

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12
Q

if the anion gap is normal in metabolic acidosis, what does that show?

A

it is NOT DKA - ketones increase anion gap

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13
Q

how are alkalosis and hypoK linked

A

they cause each other due to swapping of H+ and K+ ions
- low K drives H+ into cells
- alkalosis drives K+ into cells

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14
Q

Cushings syndrome clinically
+++ ACTH, +++ cortisol
Dx?

A

ectopic ACTH or pituitary tumour
–> ectopic slightly more likely due to very high ACTH

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15
Q

K+ finding in ectopic ACTH pt & why

A

VERY low
due to very high cortisol behaving like aldosterone

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16
Q

what causes ectopic ACTH

A

tumours

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17
Q

reduced lung expansion
dull to percuss
increased vocal resonance
Dx?

A

collapse + consolidation

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18
Q

what is the problem with rehydrating someone too quickly if they’re anuric

A

AKI due to raised creatinine
pulmonary oedema from overfilling

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19
Q

how do you distinguish between ATN and DM renal disease

A

renal biopsy

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20
Q

Mx of ATN vs DM renal disease

A

ATN = dialysis for 3 weeks
DM RD = end stage so lifelong dialysis

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21
Q

what effect does ectopic ACTH have on adrenals

A

bilateral hypetrophied adrenals due to xs ACTH

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22
Q

Mx of ectopic ACTH

A

adrenalectomy to reduce cortisol and treat cushings

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23
Q

ECG showing inferior STEMI with reciprocal changes. Mx?

A

aspirin
GTN
beta blocker
analgesia
thrombolysis or primary angioplasty

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24
Q

what scan is done for bony mets

A

bisphosphonate mbp scan

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25
Q

what scan is done for metabolically active mets

A

FDG PET scan

26
Q

where is the apex beat in LV hypertrophy

A

5th ICS MCL ie NOT DISPLACED

27
Q

ECG of LV hypertrophy

A

tall R waves

28
Q

cause of LV hypertrophy

A

undiagnosed HTN

29
Q

in which cardiac condition is apex beat displaced

A

HF due to dilatation of heart

30
Q

gram -‘ve intracellular diplococci from septic arthritis of 19M after returning from holiday ?

A

neiserria gonorrhoea

31
Q

commonest cause of septic arthritis in 19-30y/o

A

neiserria gonorrhoea

32
Q

gram -‘ve intracellular diplococci from ?meningitis in 19M ?

A

neisseria meningitidis

33
Q

6M meningitis sigs. Gram -‘ve rods on LP ?

A

haemophillius influenzae

34
Q

who gets haemophillius influenzae ?

A

unvacc kids

35
Q

19M confused, septic. Blood cultures = gram + diplococci ?

A

strep pneumoniae

36
Q

19M confused, septic. Blood cultures grow nothing. Cold agglutinins are positive. Dx?

A

mycoplasma

37
Q

19M boil on leg, pus drained which shows gram + cocci in clusters ?

A

staph aureus

38
Q

19M mild fever for months with no cause. After 2 months, blood cultures grow gram + cocci ?

A

strep viridans

39
Q

where is strep viridans found normally

A

on everyone’s teeth physiologically

40
Q

stain and shape of ecoli

A

+ rod

41
Q

e coli causes ____ in ____ babies

A

meningitis
pre term

42
Q

stain and shape of strep pneumoniae

A

+ cocci

(* must know this*)

43
Q

what does strep pyogenes cause

A

strep sore throat
can lead to sepsis and death

44
Q

contrast speed and invasion of strep pyogenes and strep viridens

A

pyogenes = invades all tissues rapidly
viridans = slow growing, low virulence

45
Q

what does strep viridens cause

A

infective endocarditis

46
Q

subacute endocarditis sx

A

splenomegaly, janeway lesions, spliter haemorrhages, haematuria, clubbing, murmur

47
Q

who gets staph aureus endocarditis

A

IVDU

48
Q

commonest bacterial cause of lobar pneumonia

A

strep pneumoniae

49
Q

commonest bacterial cause of bronchopneumonia

A

haemophillius influenzae

50
Q

how old are SCID kids when they die

A

3 months

51
Q

commonest CNS infection

A

coxsackie group B

52
Q

who gets listeria infection

A

older people eating unpasteurised cheese

53
Q

contrast nucleus of neutrophils and lymphocytes

A

neut =multi segmented
lymph = one

54
Q

what does the CSF look like in bacterial meningitis

A

+++ neutrophils

55
Q

what does the CSF look like in viral meningitis

A

+++ lymphocytes

56
Q

what does the CSF look like in TB meningitis

A

+++ turbid CSF

57
Q

stain and shape of strep pneumoniae

A

gram + diplococci

58
Q

stain and shape of neisseria

A

gram - intracellular diplococci

59
Q

what colour do gram + bacteria stain

A

blue

60
Q

what colour do gram - bacteria stain

A

red

61
Q

what stain is used for TB

A

ziel neilson

62
Q

stain and shape of listeria

A

gram + rods
(they are the main gram + rods)

Pathology (87 decks)

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