Hi - Fundamental & Advanced Histology (E) Flashcards
what do the presence of neutrophils indicate
acute inflammation
what do the presence of lymphocytes / plasma cells indicate
chronic inflammation
(could also be lymphoma / AID)
what do sheets of lymphocytes indicate
lymphoma
what can the presence of eosinophils indicate (3)
allergic reaction
parasitic infection
tumours - HL
describe an eosinophil
bilobed nucleus
red granules
cause of eosinophilic oesophagitis
food allergy
describe a macrophage
lots of cytoplasm, small nucleus
what does the presence of macrophages indicate
late acute inflammation
chronic inflammation - GRANULOMAS
define a granuloma
organized collection of ACTIVATED macrophages
what specific type of macrophages are found in granulomas, and why
epithelioid macrophages - become secretory so look more like epithelial cells
what does macrophages in the sputum sample show
that its a proper sample from the alveoli (not present just in the mouth)
causes of sarcoid
TB
sarcoid
cat scratch fever
leprosy
how do you identify TB
Ziehl Neelson stain for acid fast bascilli
what is a carcinoma
malignant tumour of epithelial cells
types of carcinoma
SCC
adenocarcinoma
TCC
2 key features of SCC
keratin production
intercellular bridges
(key exam Q**)
2 key features of adenocarcinoma
mucin production
glands
(key exam Q**)
sites of origin of squamous cancers
skin
head and neck
oesophagus
anus
cervix
vagina
sites of origin of adenocarcinoma
lung
breast
stomach
colon
pancreas
tumour making melanin
melanoma
what stain is used for melanin
fontana stain
what stain is used for haemochromatosis
prussian blue iron stain
what stain is used for amyloidosis & result
congo red stain
–> apple green birefringence
how are immunohistochemical stains different from histochemical stains
histochem = chem reacitons changing colour
immunohistochem = using ABs with tags
what marker can be used to identify epithelial cells (and therefore carcinoma)
cytokeratin
what marker is used to identify lymphoma
CD45
how can cytokeratin stain be used to identify the primary from mets
different organs make different cytokeratins, so can stain with lots of them and see which are positive - allows detection of where its from
what type of tumour is teratoma
germ cell
how do teratomas look and why
can contain any type of tissue from any 3 layers of embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
3 categories of tumours of the ovary
surface epithelium tumours
sex cord stromal tumours
germ cell tumours
examples of surfcae epithelium tumours of ovary
serous
mucinous
endometrioid
clear cell
brenner
mixed
examples of germ cell tumours of ovary
teratoma
dygerminoma
yolk sac tumour
choriocarcinoma
examples of sex cord / stromal tumours
granulosa / thecal cell tumours
fibromas
androblastomas
gonadoblastomas
what is the main testicular type of tumour
germ cell
how are teratomas divided
mature
immature
(not benign and malignant)
does immature or mature teratoma have a better prognosis
mature
why does immature teratoma have worse prognosis
immature means it contains embryonic tissue - ie stem cells - so can become any other type of tissue
where are teratomas most common
1 = ovary
2 = testes
are teratomas in the ovary usually benign or malignant
benign (more mature)
are teratomas in the testes usually benign or malignant
malignant (more immature)
what is the common name of a mature cystic teratoma of ovary
dermoid cyst
where else can teratomas be found outside of gonads & why
pineal, base of skull, mediastinum, sacro-coccygeal
- found anywhere where germ cells have migrated from
markers for neuroendocrine cells / tumours
chromogranin ** key one
synaptophysin
cd56
how else can neuroendocrine cells be identified
lookin for individual hormone that the cell produces
where can neuroendocrine tumours arise
any part of GIT
- also any part of the foregut / midgut / hindgut –> also includes thymus
which type of neuroendocrine tumours are high grade / low grade
NETs from hindgut = low grade
NETs from midgut = high grade
most common sites of NETs
rectum
SI
lung
skin / thymus
how are NETs graded
based on number of mitoses / Ki67
NOT how they look etc
what does Ki-67 measure
how mitotically active the cell is
what syndrome is associated with high production of gastrin from NETs
Zollinger Ellison
what syndrome is associated with high production of serotonin from NETs
Carcinoid
what syndrome is associated with high production of insulin from NETs
hypoglycaemia
