Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Hi - Fundamental & Advanced Histology (E) > Flashcards

Hi - Fundamental & Advanced Histology (E) Flashcards

1
Q

what do the presence of neutrophils indicate

A

acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do the presence of lymphocytes / plasma cells indicate

A

chronic inflammation
(could also be lymphoma / AID)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do sheets of lymphocytes indicate

A

lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can the presence of eosinophils indicate (3)

A

allergic reaction
parasitic infection
tumours - HL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe an eosinophil

A

bilobed nucleus
red granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cause of eosinophilic oesophagitis

A

food allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe a macrophage

A

lots of cytoplasm, small nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the presence of macrophages indicate

A

late acute inflammation
chronic inflammation - GRANULOMAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define a granuloma

A

organized collection of ACTIVATED macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what specific type of macrophages are found in granulomas, and why

A

epithelioid macrophages - become secretory so look more like epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does macrophages in the sputum sample show

A

that its a proper sample from the alveoli (not present just in the mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes of sarcoid

A

TB
sarcoid
cat scratch fever
leprosy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do you identify TB

A

Ziehl Neelson stain for acid fast bascilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a carcinoma

A

malignant tumour of epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of carcinoma

A

SCC
adenocarcinoma
TCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 key features of SCC

A

keratin production
intercellular bridges
(key exam Q**)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 key features of adenocarcinoma

A

mucin production
glands
(key exam Q**)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sites of origin of squamous cancers

A

skin
head and neck
oesophagus
anus
cervix
vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sites of origin of adenocarcinoma

A

lung
breast
stomach
colon
pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tumour making melanin

A

melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what stain is used for melanin

A

fontana stain

22
Q

what stain is used for haemochromatosis

A

prussian blue iron stain

23
Q

what stain is used for amyloidosis & result

A

congo red stain
–> apple green birefringence

24
Q

how are immunohistochemical stains different from histochemical stains

A

histochem = chem reacitons changing colour
immunohistochem = using ABs with tags

25
Q

what marker can be used to identify epithelial cells (and therefore carcinoma)

A

cytokeratin

26
Q

what marker is used to identify lymphoma

A

CD45

27
Q

how can cytokeratin stain be used to identify the primary from mets

A

different organs make different cytokeratins, so can stain with lots of them and see which are positive - allows detection of where its from

28
Q

what type of tumour is teratoma

A

germ cell

29
Q

how do teratomas look and why

A

can contain any type of tissue from any 3 layers of embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

30
Q

3 categories of tumours of the ovary

A

surface epithelium tumours
sex cord stromal tumours
germ cell tumours

31
Q

examples of surfcae epithelium tumours of ovary

A

serous
mucinous
endometrioid
clear cell
brenner
mixed

32
Q

examples of germ cell tumours of ovary

A

teratoma
dygerminoma
yolk sac tumour
choriocarcinoma

33
Q

examples of sex cord / stromal tumours

A

granulosa / thecal cell tumours
fibromas
androblastomas
gonadoblastomas

34
Q

what is the main testicular type of tumour

A

germ cell

35
Q

how are teratomas divided

A

mature
immature
(not benign and malignant)

36
Q

does immature or mature teratoma have a better prognosis

A

mature

37
Q

why does immature teratoma have worse prognosis

A

immature means it contains embryonic tissue - ie stem cells - so can become any other type of tissue

38
Q

where are teratomas most common

A

1 = ovary
2 = testes

39
Q

are teratomas in the ovary usually benign or malignant

A

benign (more mature)

40
Q

are teratomas in the testes usually benign or malignant

A

malignant (more immature)

41
Q

what is the common name of a mature cystic teratoma of ovary

A

dermoid cyst

42
Q

where else can teratomas be found outside of gonads & why

A

pineal, base of skull, mediastinum, sacro-coccygeal
- found anywhere where germ cells have migrated from

43
Q

markers for neuroendocrine cells / tumours

A

chromogranin ** key one
synaptophysin
cd56

44
Q

how else can neuroendocrine cells be identified

A

lookin for individual hormone that the cell produces

45
Q

where can neuroendocrine tumours arise

A

any part of GIT
- also any part of the foregut / midgut / hindgut –> also includes thymus

46
Q

which type of neuroendocrine tumours are high grade / low grade

A

NETs from hindgut = low grade
NETs from midgut = high grade

47
Q

most common sites of NETs

A

rectum
SI
lung
skin / thymus

48
Q

how are NETs graded

A

based on number of mitoses / Ki67
NOT how they look etc

49
Q

what does Ki-67 measure

A

how mitotically active the cell is

50
Q

what syndrome is associated with high production of gastrin from NETs

A

Zollinger Ellison

51
Q

what syndrome is associated with high production of serotonin from NETs

A

Carcinoid

52
Q

what syndrome is associated with high production of insulin from NETs

A

hypoglycaemia

Pathology (87 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions