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Histo Block 3 > lymphatics > Flashcards

lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

in general, what are the 1st/2nd/3rd lines of immune defense?

A

1st- skin and mucosa
2nd- innate immune system
3rd- adaptive immune system

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2
Q

what are the 3 main “players” in the innate immune system?

A
  • complement proteins
  • professional phagocytes
  • natural killer cells
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3
Q

what are the functions of complement proteins?

A

form membrane attack complexes
opsine coat
chemoattractant for immune cells

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4
Q

what are the professional phagocytes? functions?

A

macrophages (resident cells in CT) and neutrophils (recruited to site when needed); participate in phagocytosis and secrete cytokines

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5
Q

what are the actions of natural killer cells?

A

fight virus/bacteria/fungal infected cells and tumor cells by inducing apoptosis, also produce cytokines

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6
Q

where are natural killer cells stored?

A

liver, spleen and blood

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7
Q

what are the main cells in the adaptive immune system?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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8
Q

what is the action of a killer T cell?

A

induces apoptosis of invader

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9
Q

what is the action of helper T cell?

A

produces cytokines to stimulate innate and adaptive immune cells

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10
Q

what is the action of regulatory T cells?

A

prevent immune overreaction by a mechanism that is not well understood

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11
Q

what is the basic structure of an antibody

A

soluble
2 heavy chains, 2 light chains
variable portion binds antigens
Fc region of heavy chains allows binding to immune cells

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12
Q

what is the action of antibodies?

A

identify pathogens
opsonize
neutralize
clear infection

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13
Q

what is the most common type of antibody?

A

IgG

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14
Q

describe IgG

A

75-80% of all antibodies
most stable
T1/2 over 3 weeks
crosses placenta

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15
Q

describe IgA

A

protects mucosa

secreted in milk

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16
Q

describe IgM

A

first antibody made after B cell activation

great activator of complement system

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17
Q

describe IgE

A

destroys parasites

involved in allergic reactions by binding mast cells, eosinophils and basophils

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18
Q

what is the part of the “invader” is recognized by the adaptive immune system?

A

epitope
suface antigens- recognized by B lymphocytes
intracellular epitopes must undergo phagocytosis/digestion

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19
Q

contrast antigen presentation for B cells vs. T cells

A

B cells can recognize their own antigens

T cells need antigens to be presented by other cells

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20
Q

what is MHC-I?

A

expressed by most cells

presents antigens to Killer T cells

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21
Q

what is MHC-II?

A

expressed only by antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes)
presents antigens to helper T cells

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22
Q

what is clonal expansion?

A

proliferation of B and T cells after exposure to antigen

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23
Q

what is the purpose of secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

serve as “dating bars” for T cells, B cells and APCs for activation and communication

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24
Q

describe the distribution of B cells, T cells and dendritic cells

A

move between resident CT sites, lymph organs and blood; not evenly distributed throughout lymph organs

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25
Q

discuss the timing of innate vs. adaptive immune system

A

innate- fast, but has limited capacity

adaptive- slower, but able to mount needed response

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26
Q

what are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

thymus, bone marrow

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27
Q

what is different about thymus vs all other lymph tissues?

A

thymus is the only lymph tissue that is not supported by reticular fibers (collagen III)

28
Q

what occurs in the thymus?

A

differentiate T cells to naive T cells

destroy anti-self T cells

29
Q

what is the chronology of the thymus?

A

organ function peaks during adolescence and then degenerates

30
Q

describe the cortex of the thymus

A

basophilic
separated by trabeculae
supported by thymic epithelial cells

31
Q

what is the function of thymic epithelial cells?

A

extend processes as a framework and secrete polypeptide factors to promote cell maturation (replace reticular cells in thymus)

32
Q

describe the medulla of the thymus

A

eosinophilic
fewer lymphs than cortex
Hassall’s corpuscles

33
Q

what are Hassall’s corpuscles?

A

areas of thymic epithelial cells that are undergoing keratinization and degradation within the medulla

34
Q

what forms the blood-thymus barrier?

A

continuous endothelial cells of capillaries, basal lamina, thymic epithelial cells with tight junctions

35
Q

what is the purpose of the blood-thymus barrier?

A

protects the developing lymphs from antigens circulating in the blood

36
Q

how are mature cells expelled from the thymus?

A

expelled via venules

37
Q

how do T cells arrive to the thymus?

A

via the circulatory system

thymus has no afferent lymph vessels

38
Q

what are the secondary lymph tissues? (4)

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, spleen

39
Q

what are the basic histologic structures of secondary lymph tissues?

A

diffuse
nodules
CT capsule (organ)

40
Q

what cells are present in nodules? (3)

A
  • follicular dendritic cells, display opsonized antigen on MHC-I
  • B cells
  • dendritic cells
41
Q

what cells are in germinal centers?

A

B cells

42
Q

how do most lymphocytes enter secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

through high endothelial venues (except in spleen)

43
Q

what are high endothelial venues?

A

cuboidal or columnar epithelium with gap junctions

44
Q

what are the 3 basic lymph node layers?

A

cortex. paracortex. medulla

45
Q

what does the cortex of the LN do?

A

receives lymph from afferent lymph vessels

46
Q

what occurs in the paracortex of LN?

A

receives lymphocytes from high endothelial venules

47
Q

how do lymphocytes exit the LN?

A

via efferent lymphatic vessels at the hilus

48
Q

what are germinal centers rich in?

A

b cells

49
Q

what is the mantle zone rich in?

A

t cells

50
Q

where is a common site for metastatic cancer cells to colonize as they spread?

A

supcapsular sinus

51
Q

what is the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

A

sparse endothelium, discontinuous basal lamina, held open by reticular fibers

52
Q

what is MALT?

A

mucosa assoc lymphoid tissue

found in GI, respiratory, urogenital tracts

53
Q

what are 3 examples of MALT?

A

tonsils, peyers patches, appendix

54
Q

what is the distinguishing feature of the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

pseudo stratified epithelium with cilia

55
Q

what is the distinguishing feature of palatine tonsils?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

56
Q

what is GALT?

A

gut assoc lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches)

57
Q

where are peer’s patches found?

A

exclusively in the ileum

58
Q

what is the basic structure of Peyer’s Patches?

A

M cells lie over lymphoid nodules

59
Q

what occurs in Peyer’s Patches?

A

B and T cells enter through HEV
dendritic cells present antigens
IgA produced by b cells

60
Q

what is characteristic of the white pulp of spleen?

A

more basophilic

lymphocytes around a central artery

61
Q

what is characteristic of red pulp of spleen?

A

more eosinophilic
cords, sinuses
resp for recycling old RBCs by macrophages

62
Q

what is the function of tonsillar crypts?

A

increase SA between tissue and environment

63
Q

what is the path of lymph in LN?

A

afferent vessel –> subcapsular sinus –> paratrabecular sinus –> trabeculae

64
Q

what composes the capsule of the spleen?

A

dense, irregular CT

65
Q

what is PALS?

A

periarteriolar lymhoid sheath, surrounds central arteriole in the white pulp of spleen

Histo Block 3 (11 decks)

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