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Histo Block 3 > GI tract II > Flashcards

GI tract II Flashcards

1
Q

where is the most common place for pathologies of the GI tract to arise?

A

at junctions

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2
Q

what are rugae?

A

folds in the stomach that allow for expansion when eating

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3
Q

what is the epithelium present in the stomach?

A

simple columnar and mucus cells (not goblet cells)

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4
Q

what are gastric pits?

A

openings of the gastric glands, present in the lamina propria, also called faveolae

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5
Q

what are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

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6
Q

what is contained in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

cardiac glands that secrete mucus

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7
Q

what is the gland architecture of the fundic region of the stomach?

A
  • surface- mucus cells
  • isthmus- short, cellular replication site with undifferentiated cells, mucus cells migrate up and glandular cells migrate down
  • neck- long
  • base
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8
Q

where are mucus neck cells found?

A

funds of stomach

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9
Q

what is the role of mucus neck cells?

A

influence by vagal nerve, produces mucus secretion that traps bicarb and protects cells from acidic environment

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10
Q

where are chief cells found?

A

fundus of stomach

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11
Q

what is the appearance of chief cells? role?

A

basophilic d/t high RER, secrete pepsinogen and weak lipase

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12
Q

what is pepsinogen?

A

zymogen, converted to pepsin (protease) after contact with HCl

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13
Q

where are parietal cells found?

A

neck/fundus of stomach

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14
Q

what is the role/appearance of parietal cells?

A

appear as triangular, eosinophilic d/t high mitochondria content, produce H+ and Cl-; also secrete intrinsic factor

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15
Q

what triggers secretion of Hcl from parietal cells?

A

gastrin, via + feedback mechanism

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16
Q

what is the role of HCl in the stomach?

A

destroys pathogens
initiated protein digestion
activates pepsinogen

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17
Q

what is the role of intrinsic factor?

A

needed for B12 absorption in the small intestine

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18
Q

where are enteroendocrine cells found?

A

fundus of stomach, resting of basal lamina

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19
Q

what is the appearance and function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

small cells with clear cytoplasm; secrete gastrin

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20
Q

what is the characteristic appearance of the fundic stomach?

A

short pits

long glands

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21
Q

what is the characteristic appearance of the pyloric region of the stomach?

A

long pits

short glands

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22
Q

what is contained in the glands of the pyloric region?

A

mostly mucus cells, few parietal and enteroendocrine cells

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23
Q

what is unique about the muscularis externa layer of the stomach?

A

contains an oblique layer
inner- oblique
middle- circular
outer- longitudinal

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24
Q

what layer of the stomach forms the pyloric sphincter?

A

middle circular layer of the muscularis externa

25
Q

what is the outermost layer of the stomach?

A

serosa, continuous with omentum

26
Q

what should you look for at the gastro-esophageal junction?

A

transition between the stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium of the esophagus and the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach

27
Q

what is the histologic appearance of parietal cells?

A

“fried egg”, acidophilic d/t high mitochondria

28
Q

what is the histologic appearance of chief cells?

A

basophilic d/t high RER

29
Q

what type of gland is unique to the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s Glands

30
Q

what structure is unique to ileum?

A

Peyer’s patches- MALT

31
Q

what are plicae circularis?

A

transverse fold in the small intestine with submucosal core, also called valves of Kerkring

32
Q

what are the intestinal villi?

A

mucosal outgrowths with a core of lamina propria

33
Q

what is another name for parietal cells?

A

oxyntic cells

34
Q

which type of cell in the fundic region is more superficial?

A

parietal is more superficial
chief cells more basal
enteroendocrine cells rest on basal lamina

35
Q

what is another term for “intestinal glands”? where are they found?

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn, found in lamina propria

36
Q

what is the typical appearance of enterocytes?

A

tall, columnar for absorption

37
Q

what is the “brush border”?

A

densely packed microvilli with actin filament cores

38
Q

what other type of cell is found adjacent to enterocytes? what do they produce?

A

goblet cells; mucin

39
Q

describe paneth cells

A

found in the basal aspect of the intestinal glands, contain granules that stain intense eosinophilic (red)

40
Q

what do paneth cell granules contain?

A

lysozyme- antibacterial

defensins- regulate T-cell activity

41
Q

what do the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine secrete? (4)

A 
glucoago-like peptide 1
GIP
CCK
secretin
*all are hormones that control the secretion of other glands, local and blood-borne effects
42
Q

what are “M cells”?

A

cells that overly Peyer’s patches, endocytose antigens and convey them to APCs below them

43
Q

where are Brunner’s glands located? what is their action?

A

exclusively in the duodenum (submucosa), maintain optimal pH to protect against acid from the stomach and to maximize the actions of pancreatic enzymes

44
Q

what is the main structure of lacteal?

A

start in villi, form plexus at muscularis mucosa and within submucosa

45
Q

what are distinguishing features of jejunum?

A

well developed plicae circularis, rounded villi

46
Q

what are distinguishing features of ileum?

A

club-like villi, Peyer’s Patches

47
Q

what is the appendix?

A

invagination of the cecum

48
Q

what are histologic cx of the appendix?

A

small diameter, abundant lymph tissue, no tenia coli

49
Q

what is tenia coli?

A

3 thickened muscularis externa, longitudinal mm bands on the outside of the colon

50
Q

how can the colon be differentiated from the small intestine?

A

colon lacks villi

51
Q

what is the epithelium of the colon?

A

tall, simple columnar

52
Q

where is the lymphoid tissue of the colon located?

A

lamina propria and submucosa

53
Q

what is the structure of the rectum?

A

similar to colon, but no tenia coli

54
Q

what occurs at the pectinate line?

A

delineation between tetum and anus with transition from simple columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

55
Q

what is the significance of the pectinate line to hemorrhoids?

A

above- internal

below- external

56
Q

does the colon contain crypts of lieburkuhn?

A

yes, but fewer than small intestine

57
Q

define adventitia

A

connects to another organ, more adipose cells, no mesothelium

58
Q

define serosa

A

has mesothelium, not continuous with other organs

Histo Block 3 (11 decks)

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