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Histo Block 3 > digestive glands > Flashcards

digestive glands Flashcards

1
Q

contrast major vs minor salivary glands

A

major- parotid, submaxillary, sublingual

minor- lingual, von ebner’s glands

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2
Q

what are the functions of saliva?(3)

A

lubrication, initial enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates, antibacterial activity

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3
Q

describe serous cells

A

pyramidal with spherical nuclei
basophilic d/t abundant RER
produce protein-rich, watery secretion

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4
Q

describe mucous cells

A

cuboidal/columnar with flattened nuclei
mucinogen granules at apical ends
arranged in tubules
secrete mucin

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5
Q

describe serous demilunes

A

artifact of fixation but can be used as diagnostic tool; crescent shaped cells that sit atop mucous tubules

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6
Q

where are serous demilunes most common?

A

submandibular gland

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7
Q

what are myoepithelial cells?

A

flat cells located between basal lamina and glandular cells that help push secretions towards duct

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8
Q

what is another name for myoepithelial cells?

A

called basket cells when found in acini

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of intralobular ducts?

A

intercalated ducts and striated ducts

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10
Q

describe intercalated ducts

A

small ducts with squamous or cuboidal epithelium, continuous with acini lumen, lead to striated ducts

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11
Q

describe striated ducts

A

columnar epithelium with basal striations, many mitochondria d/t ion transport, lead to excretory ducts

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12
Q

what are the excretory ducts?

A

interlobular ducts

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13
Q

describe interlobular ducts

A

surrounded by abundant CT, stratified cuboidal or columnar, empty into oral cavity

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14
Q

what is the largest salivary gland? what % of saliva does it make?

A

parotid duct is largest, makes only 25% of saliva

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15
Q

how does partoid gland empty into oral cavity?

A

via stenson’s duct that is found next to the 2nd maxillary molars

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16
Q

what type of acini are found in the partoid gland? other tissue?

A

serous acini only, with adipose tissue

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17
Q

how can the partoid gland be differentiated from the pancreas?

A

partoid gland has numerous striated ducts, pancreas does not

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18
Q

what is contained in the secretory granules of the parotid acini?

A

secretory granules are rich in polysaccharides and high amylase activity

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19
Q

what is contained in the CT of the partoid gland?

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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20
Q

what is secreted by the plasma cells of the parotid CT?

A

IgA

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21
Q

what is the function of IgA secreted by the plasma cells in the CT of the partoid gland?

A

complexes with secretory component that is produced by serous acinar cells and duct cells, stabilizes IgA in the lumen from enzymatic degradation

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22
Q

what is another name of the submandibular gland?

A

submaxillary gland

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23
Q

what portion of saliva is produced by the submandibular gland?

A

70%

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24
Q

what duct empties the submandibular gland into the oral cavity?

A

Wharton’s duct, found on either side of the frenulum

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25
Q

what is the glandular composition of the submandibular gland?

A

mixed: serous>mucous

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26
Q

what feature of the serous submandibular cells suggest role in electrolyte and water transport?

A

extensive lateral and basement membrane infolding

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27
Q

where are serous demilunes in the submandibular gland?

A

serous cells that are assoc with mucous cells

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28
Q

what is the general appearance of most ducts in the submandibular gland?

A

most are striated

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29
Q

what % of saliva is made by the sublingual glands?

A

5%

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30
Q

what is the histologic composition of the sublingual gland?

A

mixed: mucous>serous

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31
Q

how are most serous cells of the sublingual glands found?

A

as serous demilunes

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32
Q

are striated ducts found in the sublingual gland?

A

rarely. hard to find

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33
Q

what gland is histologically similar to the exocrine pancreas?

A

parotid gland

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34
Q

what is the main structure of the endocrine pancreas?

A

islets of langerhans

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35
Q

what is produced by the islets of langerhans? (5)

A

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide

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36
Q

how can the pancreas be differentiated from the parotid gland? (3)

A
  • pancreas has NO striated ducts
  • pancreas has islets of langerhans
  • pancreas has centroacinar cells
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37
Q

what are centroacinar cells?

A

light staining cells in the acini lumens

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38
Q

what cells compose the pancreatic acini in the exocrine portions?

A

serous cells

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39
Q

describe the serous cells of the exocrine pancreas

A

spherical cells, polarized nuclei: basally with RER and apically with zygomen granules

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40
Q

what enzymes are secreted by the exocrine pancreas? (3) stimulated by?

A

proteases, lipases, nucleases; stimulated by CCK and vagal parasympathetic stimulation

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41
Q

what is secreted by the pancreatic ducts?

A

watery, bicarbonate rich fluid

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42
Q

what triggers secretion from pancreatic ducts?

A

secretin from enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum

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43
Q

what is the path of secretion for the pancreas?

A

centroacinar cells
intercalated (cuboidal) ducts
small interlobular ducts
interlobular ducts

44
Q

what epithelium compose the interlobular ducts of the pancreas?

A

columnar epithelium

45
Q

where do interlobular duct lead to?

A

main pancreatic duct or accessory pancreatic ducts

46
Q

what is the path of main pancreatic duct?

A

main pancreatic duct

joins with common bile duct at ampulla of vater, drains into duodenum

47
Q

what is the path of accessory pancreatic duct?

A

drains directly into duodenum

48
Q

4 main functions of the liver:

A
  • metabolize and store nutrients
  • make bile
  • dextoxify
  • make blood proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, lipoproteins)
49
Q

describe the liver stroma

A

connective tissue capsule made of collagen I and collagen III

50
Q

describe liver parenchyma

A

hepatocytes arranged in plates that are 1-2 cell layers thick

51
Q

what is the embryologic tissue of origin for hepatocytes?

A

endoderm

52
Q

what is the blood supply of the liver?

A

Dual: portal vein (75%)- O2 poor/nutrient rich, hepatic artery (25%)- O2 rich

53
Q

what are the 3 ways to organize the liver

A

classic lobule
portal lobule
hepatic acinus

54
Q

what is the organization of the classic liver lobule?

A

hexagonal

central vein in the center surrounded by 3-6 portal triads

55
Q

what are the components of portal triad?

A

portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

56
Q

from where does the bile duct receive bile?

A

receive bile from bile ductules (canals of Herring) that drain the bile canaliculi

57
Q

are lymphatics seen near portal triad?

A

yes, but not included as part of it

58
Q

describe the central vein

A

located at center of classic lobule
thin walled
receives blood from sinusoids

59
Q

described hepatocyte plates

A

cords of hepatocytes that radiate from central vein to lobule periphery
separated by sinuoids

60
Q

describe hepatic sinusoids

A

capillaries of the liver, drain into central vein, receive mixture of arterial and venous blood, supply nutrients to hepatocytes and receive secretions from hepatocytes

61
Q

what is the classic liver lobule based on?

A

direction of blood flow

62
Q

what is the portal lobule based on?

A

direction of bile flow

63
Q

what is the structure of a portal lobule?

A

triangular with portal triad in the center and central veins at the corners; contains portions of 3 adjacent classic liver lobules

64
Q

what is the hepatic acinus?

A

method of dividing the liver that is best for correlation among blood perfusion, metabolic activity and liver pathology

65
Q

what is the structure of a hepatic acinus?

A

diamond shaped, 4 corners: 2 portal triads and 2 central veins

66
Q

what is the short axis of the hepatic acinus?

A

imaginary line between the portal triads

67
Q

how is the hepatic acinus divided into 3 zones?

A

from the short axis, zone 1 is most central, then zone 2 followed by zone 3

68
Q

what is located in the center of the hepatic acinus?

A

terminal branches of portal venues, hepatic arterioles, bile ducts

69
Q

describe zone 1

A

closest to the portal triads
1st to receive O2, nutrients
higher metabolic rate
more susceptible to toxins
1st to show changes with bile duct occlusion
LAST to die when there is circulatory impairment and the FIRST to regenerate

70
Q

describe zone 3

A

farthest from the distributing vessels
1st to show- necrosis, fatty accumulation
1st to respond to bile duct occlusion and toxins

71
Q

how is liver pathology described?

A

in terms of the classic liver lobule

72
Q

how does the description per classic liver lobule affect zone 3?

A

“centrolobular” disease per classic lobule definition referred to zone 3 as it is closest to the central vein

73
Q

what are the 3 phases of alcoholic liver disease?

A

fatty liver
alcoholic hepatitis
cirrhosis

74
Q

describe changes in fatty liver

A

fat accumulates in cells of zone 3 (centrolobular cells), liver can become up to 3x normal weight, reversible with cessation

75
Q

describe changes in alcoholic hepatitis

A

inflammation and necrotizing disease, zone 3 exhibits neutrophilic inflammatory disease and necrosis

76
Q

describe the changes in cirrhosis

A

scarring of the liver, can lead to portal HTN/liver failure, fibrous septa will form around hepatocellular nodules and disturb normal functioning

77
Q

what cell types are found in the liver?

A

hepatocytes (80%)
Kupffer cells (macrophages)
Ito cells

78
Q

describe hepatocytes

A

large, eosinophilic
lots of glycogen and lipid
euchromatic nuclei, sometimes binucleate (4n)

79
Q

what organelles are abundant in hepatocytes? (3)

A

peroxisomes
SER
golgi

80
Q

what is the fxn of peroxisomes in hepatocytes?

A

oxidative fxns in gluconeogenesis, metabolism of purines/alcohol and lipids, contain alcohol dehydrogenase that converts about 50% of etOH consumed into acetaldehyde

81
Q

what is the fxn of SER in hepatocytes?

A

detoxifies, synthesizes cholesterol and lipids

82
Q

under what situations will SER in hepatocytes hypertrophy?

A

ingestion of phenobarbitol, alcohol or anabolic steroids

83
Q

where are golgi abundant in the liver?

A

near bile canaiculi, may be involved in exocrine secretion

84
Q

what is the Space of Disse?

A

site of nutrient exchange between hepatocytes and capillaries

85
Q

describe the direction of bile vs blood flow in the liver

A

direction of bile flow is opposite direction of blood flow in the liver

86
Q

describe the bile canaliculi

A

narrow intercellular channels formed by shallow grooves in the surface of adjacent hepatocytes, sealed by tight junctions, receive bile secretions from hepatocytes and deliver to bile ductules

87
Q

describe bile ductules

A

formed by cuboidal cells (not hepatocytes), terminate in bile ducts located in portal triads

88
Q

describe bile ducts

A

formed by cuboidal or columnar cells, part of portal triad, converge to form hepatic ducts

89
Q

describe the hepatic ducts

A

Right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the common hepatic duct, meets with cystic duct to form common bile duct

90
Q

what happens after the common bile duct is formed?

A

meets with the pancreatic duct at the ampulla of vater and then drain into duodenum via sphincter of oddi

91
Q

summarize the flow of bile (9)

A 
hepatocyte
canaliculi 
ductule 
bile duct (part of portal triad)
hepatic duct (R/L)
common hepatic duct
common bile duct
ampulla of vater 
duodenum
92
Q

what epithelium composes the gallbladder

A

simple columnar (with lamina propria)

93
Q

describe the submucosa of the gallbladder

A

disorganized.

94
Q

what occurs in the mucosa of the gallbladder near the cystic duct?

A

mucosal invaginations form glands that secrete mucus

95
Q

what triggers contraction of the muscularis mucosa of the gallbladder?

A

CCK

96
Q

discuss the outer layer of the gallbladder

A

adventitia connects to liver

serosa over free surface

97
Q

which zone of the liver is most susceptible to ischemia?

A

zone 3- farthest away from blood supply

98
Q

which zone of the liver is first to show changes in bile duct occlusion?

A

zone 1

99
Q

which zone of the liver is first exposed to toxins?

A

zone 1

100
Q

which zone of the liver is first to respond to toxins/bile duct occlusion?

A

zone 3

101
Q

which ducts have basal striations?

A

intralobular ducts

102
Q

why do the interlobular ducts exhibit basal striations?

A

secondary to accumulations of mitochondria that are important for ion transport involved in the modification of saliva

103
Q

which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation for the salivary glands?

A

CN IX- otic ganglion - parotid gland

CN VII- submandibular ganglion- submandibular and sublingual glands

104
Q

what type of capillary is a hepatic sinusoid?

A

discontinuous

105
Q

what is the significance of the space of disse?

A

microscopic space between the sinusoidal capillary and the heptocyte where nutrient exchange occurs

106
Q

does the gallbladder have a muscularis mucosa?

A

no, bc it is not part of the GI proper (accessory organ)

107
Q

what are the “holes” in the gallbladder epithelium?

A

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses that are deep mucosal folds that may penetrate into the muscularis externa and may predispose to gallstones

Histo Block 3 (11 decks)

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