LVIII

Question 1

brink /brɪŋk/

Answer 1

the brink (of something)
1) a situation when you are almost in a new situation, usually a bad one
on the brink of death/disaster/war etc
“In October 1962 the world seemed on the brink of nuclear war.”
“The company had huge debts and was on the brink of collapse.”
2) The edge of a very high place such as a cliff

push/tip somebody over the brink
to make someone start doing crazy or extreme things

Question 2

emission /ɪˈmɪʃən/

Answer 2

1) a gas or other substance that is sent into the air
“Britain agreed to cut emissions of nitrogen oxide from power stations.”
2) the act of sending out light, heat, gas etc

1. نشر
2. صدور
3. بیرون دادن

Question 3

precedent /ˈpresɪdənt/

Answer 3

1) an action or official decision that can be used to give support to later actions or decisions
“a legal precedent”
set/create a precedent
“UN involvement in the country’s affairs would set a dangerous precedent.”
precedent for
“precedents for what courts will accept as ‘fair’”
2) something of the same type that has happened or existed before
precedent for
“There’s not much precedent for men taking leave when their baby is born.”
without precedent
“An epidemic on this scale is without precedent.”
3) the way that things have always been done
break with precedent (=do something in a new way)

noun
1. سابقه
2. نمونه
adjective
1. مقدم
2. مسبوق به سابقه
3. ماقبل

Question 4

commute /kəˈmjuːt/

Answer 4

1) to regularly travel a long distance to get to work
commute to/from/between
 "Jim commutes to Manhattan every day."
2) the journey to work every day
 "My morning commute takes 45 minutes."

commute a sentence (to something) => to change the punishment given to a criminal to one that is less severe

commute something for/into something => to exchange one thing, especially one kind of payment, for another
He commuted his pension for a lump sum.

Question 5

incentive /ɪnˈsentɪv/

Answer 5

something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc → motivation
“As an added incentive, there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team.”
create/provide/give somebody an incentive
“Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.”
incentive to do something
“Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.”
economic/financial/tax etc incentives
“a recycling drive backed with financial incentives”

Question 6

reinforce /ˌriːənˈfɔːs/

Answer 6

1) to give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and make it stronger
“The film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb.”
2) to make part of a building, structure, piece of clothing etc stronger
3) to make a group of people, especially an army, stronger by adding people, equipment etc

1. تقویت کردن
2. مستحکم کردن

Question 7

assess /əˈses/

Answer 7

1) to make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it SYN judge
“assess the impact/extent/effectiveness etc of something”
“a report to assess the impact of advertising on children”
assess what/how etc
“The technique is being tried in classrooms to assess what effects it may have.”
be assessed as something
“Many of the adults were assessed as having learning difficulties.”
2) to calculate the value or cost of something
be assessed at something
“The value of the business was assessed at £1.25 million.”

1. تشخیص دادن
2. تعیین کردن
3. بر اورد کردن

Question 8

fume /fjuːm/

Answer 8

1) to be angry about something
fume at/over/about
She sat in the car, silently fuming about what he’d said.
‘You’ve no right to be here, ’ he fumed.
2) to give off smoke or gases

noun
1. بخار
2. دود
3. گاز
verb
1. بخار دادن
2. دود دادن
3. باغضب حرف زدن

Question 9

expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/

Answer 9

1) to show something that is usually covered or hidden
“He lifted his T-shirt to expose a jagged scar across his chest.”
expose something to something
“Potatoes turn green when exposed to light.”
2) to put someone in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant
expose somebody to something
“The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation.”
expose yourself to ridicule/criticism etc (=say or do something that may make people laugh at you, criticize you etc)
3) to show the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad
“The film exposes the utter horror of war.”
expose somebody as something
“The baron was exposed as a liar and a cheat.”
4) to make it possible for someone to experience new ideas, ways of life etc
expose somebody to something
“Some children are never exposed to classical music”

1. در معرض گذاشتن
2. افشاء کردن
3. نمایش دادن
4. بیپناه گذاشتن
5. بی حفاظ گذاردن
6. ظاهر ساختن

Question 10

chuck /tʃʌk/

Answer 10

1) to throw something in a careless or relaxed way
chuck something on/out of/into etc something
“Tania chucked her bag down on the sofa.”
“I chucked a few things into a suitcase and left.”
chuck somebody something
Chuck me that pen, would you?
2) to throw something away because you do not want it anymore
“I think I might have chucked it by mistake.”
3 (also chuck something ↔ in) to leave your job
“You haven’t chucked your job, have you?”
4) part of a machine that holds something firmly so that it does not move.