LUNGS & BLOOD Flashcards
what is tidal volume?
normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation & exhalation when no extra effort is applied (500mg)
what is Vital Capacity?
IRV+ERV+TV
what is residual volume
air remaining after max exhalation
Pressure on a mountain is 250 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
50 mm Hg
Describe the Epithelium of respiratory tract
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
what is used to prevent overinflation?
stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) of the lung is carried by vagus nerve (CN 10)
What produces mucous in lungs?
Clara cells (nonciliated bronchiolar secretory cells that make GAGs to protect bronchiole lining)
Obstructive lung disease
compliance goes up
what is characterized by increased resistance to airflow, decreased elasticity, and increases compliance?
Obstructive Lung Disease
What is characterized by low lung volumes, and slightly higher than normal expiatory flow rate, decreased compliance?
Restrictive lung disease
in which can we see more squamous epithelial metaplasia?
Bronchus (ANOTHER SOURCE SAID ESOPHAGUS)
Which organ most likely to undergo red infraction?
Lung
What do white and red infract affect?
White infract: affects solid organs (ex: spleed, heart, and kidney) Red infract (hemorrhagic infract): affects lungs & other loose organs like testis, ovary
what can emphysema lead to?
respiratory acidosis
Hyperventation causes what?
alkalosis
metabolic acidosis is caused by what?
hyperventilation
what is RUB MUB?
Respiratory Uses Bicarb, Metabolic Uses Breathing
After metabolic or respiratory acidosis, which abnormality of electrolytes is more likely?
hyperkalemia
When is intrapleural pressure the most negative?
end of expiration
when is alveoli pressure the most negative?
Beginning of inhalation
what kind of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx region
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Infant has trouble breathing, what cells are causing problems?
Type 2 Pnuemocytes
what describes oxygen transport?
Bohr effect
what is true about myoglobin?
Graph is hyperbolic (hemoglobin= sigmoidal)
What does carotid body measure?
partial pressure of O2
Carbon monoxide (CO) decreases _____________ content but _________ is normal
O2 content but PO2 is normal
Patient is on nitrous, best way to measure efficiency?
Reserve minute volume
Mineral for coagulation
Zinc & Ca+
What carries iron in the plasma?
Transferrin
Prothrombin acts with which one to form thrombin?
Ca2+
Prothrombin + Ca+/Pl/Factor 10a
thrombin (liver)
what is the substrate of thrombin?
fibrinogen
if we put RBC in hypotonic solution
hemolysis
blood type: Anti- A & anti-B both agglutinate. What blood type is it?
AB
Which one of these helps in the retraction of blood clots
Factor XIII (breaks down the clot)
Boy bleeds during extraction, his maternal uncle & male cousin have same problem. What factor is involved?
Factor VIII (Hemophilia A & sex-linked)
Why does Hemophilia B happen?
Factor 9 deficiency
Why does Hemophilia C happen?
Factor 11 deficiency (also, it isn’t sex linked)
how is Factor VIII characterized?
by having Prolong Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) & Normal PT/ bleeding time
