Lungs Flashcards
the respiratory system consists of the
conducting and respiratory portions and ventilatory mechanism
anatomic components of the respiratory system (5)
Diaphragm, rib cage, intercostalmuscles, abdominal muscles, elastic CT(lungs)
pressure differences move air into and out of the lungs, causing
inspiration and expiration
the nasal cavity conducts and conditions
inspired air (nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles)
gas exchange between
air and blood (respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)
functions of the respiratory system (5)
conducts and conditions inspired air gas exchange between air and blood olfaction phonation defense
defense
components of the immune system in the walls; coughing
right lung has - lobes
3
superior, middle, inferior
left lung has - lobes
2
superior, inferior
right and left lungs are contained within separate
pleural sacs
right and left lungs are separated from one another by the
heart and great vessels (middle mediastinum)
lungs are elastic due to
elastic fibers in alveoli
lungs recoil to about 1/3 their uninflected size when
the thoracic cavity is opened
each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity, which is formed by the
visceral and parietral pleura
the lungs are suspended from the mediastinum by the
lung root
lung root
a collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs
the medial surfaces of both lungs lie in close proximity to
several mediastinal structures
apex is covered by
cervical pleura and projects 2-3 cm through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of neck
diaphragmatic surface or base is against the
dome of the diaphragm
costal surface is adjacent to the (6)
sternum, costal cartilages, the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and vertebrae
mediastinal surface is adjacent to the
mediastinum
anterior border is where
costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heard
posterior borer is where
the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet; broad and rounded
left lobes are separated by the
oblique fissure
can you have three left lobes?
yes
2 unique features of the left lung
cardiac notch
lingual (analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung)
what is between the super/middle and inferior right lung lobes?
oblique fissure
what is between the superior and middle right lobes?
horizontal fissure
size of right lobe compared to left
larger and heavier
shorter and wider
root of the lung
the structures contained in the pulmonary sleeve and entering the hilum of the lung
hilum of the lung
the area where the structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue
pulmonary ligament
where the mediastinal pleurae passes laterally from the mediastinum to the visceral surface of the lung (becomes visceral pleura)
the structures forming the root of the lung are situated as follows (3)
pulmonary arteries are superior
main bronchi are posterior pulmonary veins, 1 anterior and 1 inferior
in the right root, the bronchus to the superior lobe may be the most — structure
superior
some structures in contact with the lungs leave impressions on the lung surfaces, such as (5)
azygous vein right brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava esophagus heart or cardiac impression
other structures which leave impressions on the lung surfaces (4)
esophagus
thoracic aorta
left subclavian artery
heart
the trachea and bronchi are supported by
c shaped cartilaginous rings
the trachea bifurcates into
main bronchi
a keel-like carina lies in the
sagittal plane
the bronchial tree is a branching system of
air tubes in each lung
from main bronchus to — terminal bronchioles
65,000
main (primary) bronchi are supported by
c shaped hyaline cartilage rings
right main bronchus
a 2-3 cm branch arising from fork of trachea
right bronchus is slightly — and more — than left
wider
vertical
aspirated (inhaled) foreign objects lodge
right bronchus more often than left
left main bronchus is about 5 cm long
5
the left main bronchus is slightly — and more — than right
narrower
horizontal
lobar (secondary) bronchi are supported by
crescent shaped cartilage plates
right lobar (secondary) bronchi
3, one superior, middle, and inferior to each of the lobes
left lobar (secondary) bronchi
2, one superior and inferior to each lobe of the left lung
segmental (tertiary) bronchi are supported by
crescent shaped cartilage plates
segmental bronchi on right vs left
right: 10
left: 8
bronchopulmonary segment
functionally independent unit of the lung tissue
primary/mainstem bronchi are lined by
respiratory epithelium
respiratory epithelium
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
tertiary bronchi are — in diameter than lobar bronchi
smaller
bronchopulmonary segment
the anatomical, functional and surgical unit (subdivision) of the lungs
each consists of a (3)
a segmental bronchus, a segmental branch of the pulmonary artery, and a segment of lung tissue surrounded by a thin connective tissue septum
segmental (tertiary) bronchi can limit the
spread of infection
segmental (tertiary) bronchi are more easily
removed
segmental (tertiary) bronchi is drained by the
intersegmental pulmonary veins (in the connective tissue between adjacent segments)
bronchopulmonary segments are clinically important because a surgeon can
resect a segment without seriously disrupting the surrounding lung tissue
alveoli is the primary site of
gas exchange
how does gas exchange occur between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall and enter the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the alveoli
pulmonary arteries run parallel to the
bronchi, usually on the anterior aspect of the corresponding bronchus
pulmonary veins run
independent courses from arteries and bronchi
bronchial arteries supply blood for (3)
nutrition of structures of the root of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs, and visceral pleura
two left bronchial arteries arise directly from the
thoracic aorta
one right bronchial artery may arise from either (3)
a posterior intercostal artery or a left bronchial artery or directly from the aorta
bronchial arteries provide branches to the
upper esophagus before following along the posterior aspects of the main bronchi
bronchial arteries anastomose with pulmonary arteries in the
walls of the bronchioles
— — drain some of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries; some is drained by the — —
bronchial veins
pulmonary veins
the right bronchial vein drains into the — vein and the left drains into the — — vein
azygous
accessory hemiazygous
the nerves of the lungs are derived from the
anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses
branches follow bronchi and blood vessels into
the lung
what type of fibers do the nerves contain? (3)
parasympathetic
sympathetic
visceral afferent/sensory
parasympathetic
Derived from the vagus nerve. They stimulate secretion from the bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels.
sympathetic
Thoracic splanchnic nerves derived from the sympathetic trunks. They stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels.
visceral afferent/sensory
Conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagusnerve.
Lymph nodes around bronchi & within connective tissue picks (3) not filtered by the epithelium
up carbon, dust particles & pollutants
lymphatic drainage flow
lymph drains
pulmonary nodes in the lung
bronchopulmonary nodes (hilum) tracheobronchial nodes
left and right bronchomediastinal trunks
pneumonia
infection of the alveoli
viral, bacterial, fungal
pneumonia may involve
segment, lobe or entire lung
swelling of the
alveolar walls and fluid in the alveolar spaces
swelling of pneumonia reduces the capacity for
gas exchange
emphysema
smoking related disease
loss of area (alveoli) available for gas exchange due to destruction of elastic tissue
alveoli lose the ability to stretch and recoil
alveoli expand but can’t contract/exhale air
emphysema is the main form of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
with emphysema, you cannot — effectively
exhale
what becomes trapped in the dilated alveoli?
stagnant, oxygen poor air
chest size of those with emphysema
increased chest size or barrel chest from abnormally expanded lungs in
— cancer is the second most common malignancy after prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women
lung
lung cancer is the leading cause of
smoking and cancer related mortality in both sexes
lung cancer originates in the
epithelium
lung cancers manifest with symptoms produced by the (3)
primary tumor, loco regional spread, and metastatic disease
pulmonary symptoms include (4)
chronic cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), excess pulmonary mucus production and increased infections
