Lungs Flashcards
1
Q
the respiratory system consists of the
A
conducting and respiratory portions and ventilatory mechanism
2
Q
anatomic components of the respiratory system (5)
A
Diaphragm, rib cage, intercostalmuscles, abdominal muscles, elastic CT(lungs)
3
Q
pressure differences move air into and out of the lungs, causing
A
inspiration and expiration
4
Q
the nasal cavity conducts and conditions
A
inspired air (nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles)
5
Q
gas exchange between
A
air and blood (respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)
6
Q
functions of the respiratory system (5)
A
conducts and conditions inspired air gas exchange between air and blood olfaction phonation defense
7
Q
defense
A
components of the immune system in the walls; coughing
8
Q
right lung has - lobes
A
3
superior, middle, inferior
9
Q
left lung has - lobes
A
2
superior, inferior
10
Q
right and left lungs are contained within separate
A
pleural sacs
11
Q
right and left lungs are separated from one another by the
A
heart and great vessels (middle mediastinum)
12
Q
lungs are elastic due to
A
elastic fibers in alveoli
13
Q
lungs recoil to about 1/3 their uninflected size when
A
the thoracic cavity is opened
14
Q
each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity, which is formed by the
A
visceral and parietral pleura
15
Q
the lungs are suspended from the mediastinum by the
A
lung root
16
Q
lung root
A
a collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs
17
Q
the medial surfaces of both lungs lie in close proximity to
A
several mediastinal structures
18
Q
apex is covered by
A
cervical pleura and projects 2-3 cm through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of neck
19
Q
diaphragmatic surface or base is against the
A
dome of the diaphragm
20
Q
costal surface is adjacent to the (6)
A
sternum, costal cartilages, the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and vertebrae
21
Q
mediastinal surface is adjacent to the
A
mediastinum
22
Q
anterior border is where
A
costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heard
23
Q
posterior borer is where
A
the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet; broad and rounded
24
Q
left lobes are separated by the
A
oblique fissure
25
can you have three left lobes?
yes
26
2 unique features of the left lung
cardiac notch
| lingual (analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung)
27
what is between the super/middle and inferior right lung lobes?
oblique fissure
28
what is between the superior and middle right lobes?
horizontal fissure
29
size of right lobe compared to left
larger and heavier
| shorter and wider
30
root of the lung
the structures contained in the pulmonary sleeve and entering the hilum of the lung
31
hilum of the lung
the area where the structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue
32
pulmonary ligament
where the mediastinal pleurae passes laterally from the mediastinum to the visceral surface of the lung (becomes visceral pleura)
33
the structures forming the root of the lung are situated as follows (3)
pulmonary arteries are superior
| main bronchi are posterior pulmonary veins, 1 anterior and 1 inferior
34
in the right root, the bronchus to the superior lobe may be the most --- structure
superior
35
some structures in contact with the lungs leave impressions on the lung surfaces, such as (5)
```
azygous vein
right brachiocephalic vein
superior vena cava
esophagus
heart or cardiac impression
```
36
other structures which leave impressions on the lung surfaces (4)
esophagus
thoracic aorta
left subclavian artery
heart
37
the trachea and bronchi are supported by
c shaped cartilaginous rings
38
the trachea bifurcates into
main bronchi
39
a keel-like carina lies in the
sagittal plane
40
the bronchial tree is a branching system of
air tubes in each lung
41
from main bronchus to --- terminal bronchioles
65,000
42
main (primary) bronchi are supported by
c shaped hyaline cartilage rings
43
right main bronchus
a 2-3 cm branch arising from fork of trachea
44
right bronchus is slightly --- and more --- than left
wider
| vertical
45
aspirated (inhaled) foreign objects lodge
right bronchus more often than left
46
left main bronchus is about 5 cm long
5
47
the left main bronchus is slightly --- and more --- than right
narrower
| horizontal
48
lobar (secondary) bronchi are supported by
crescent shaped cartilage plates
49
right lobar (secondary) bronchi
3, one superior, middle, and inferior to each of the lobes
50
left lobar (secondary) bronchi
2, one superior and inferior to each lobe of the left lung
51
segmental (tertiary) bronchi are supported by
crescent shaped cartilage plates
52
segmental bronchi on right vs left
right: 10
left: 8
53
bronchopulmonary segment
functionally independent unit of the lung tissue
54
primary/mainstem bronchi are lined by
respiratory epithelium
55
respiratory epithelium
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
56
tertiary bronchi are --- in diameter than lobar bronchi
smaller
57
bronchopulmonary segment
the anatomical, functional and surgical unit (subdivision) of the lungs
58
each consists of a (3)
a segmental bronchus, a segmental branch of the pulmonary artery, and a segment of lung tissue surrounded by a thin connective tissue septum
59
segmental (tertiary) bronchi can limit the
spread of infection
60
segmental (tertiary) bronchi are more easily
removed
61
segmental (tertiary) bronchi is drained by the
intersegmental pulmonary veins (in the connective tissue between adjacent segments)
62
bronchopulmonary segments are clinically important because a surgeon can
resect a segment without seriously disrupting the surrounding lung tissue
63
alveoli is the primary site of
gas exchange
64
how does gas exchange occur between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall and enter the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the alveoli
65
pulmonary arteries run parallel to the
bronchi, usually on the anterior aspect of the corresponding bronchus
66
pulmonary veins run
independent courses from arteries and bronchi
67
bronchial arteries supply blood for (3)
nutrition of structures of the root of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs, and visceral pleura
68
two left bronchial arteries arise directly from the
thoracic aorta
69
one right bronchial artery may arise from either (3)
a posterior intercostal artery or a left bronchial artery or directly from the aorta
70
bronchial arteries provide branches to the
upper esophagus before following along the posterior aspects of the main bronchi
71
bronchial arteries anastomose with pulmonary arteries in the
walls of the bronchioles
72
--- --- drain some of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries; some is drained by the --- ---
bronchial veins
| pulmonary veins
73
the right bronchial vein drains into the --- vein and the left drains into the --- --- vein
azygous
| accessory hemiazygous
74
the nerves of the lungs are derived from the
anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses
75
branches follow bronchi and blood vessels into
the lung
76
what type of fibers do the nerves contain? (3)
parasympathetic
sympathetic
visceral afferent/sensory
77
parasympathetic
Derived from the vagus nerve. They stimulate secretion from the bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels.
78
sympathetic
Thoracic splanchnic nerves derived from the sympathetic trunks. They stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels.
79
visceral afferent/sensory
Conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagusnerve.
80
Lymph nodes around bronchi & within connective tissue picks (3) not filtered by the epithelium
up carbon, dust particles & pollutants
81
lymphatic drainage flow
lymph drains
pulmonary nodes in the lung
bronchopulmonary nodes (hilum) tracheobronchial nodes
left and right bronchomediastinal trunks
82
pneumonia
infection of the alveoli
| viral, bacterial, fungal
83
pneumonia may involve
segment, lobe or entire lung
84
swelling of the
alveolar walls and fluid in the alveolar spaces
85
swelling of pneumonia reduces the capacity for
gas exchange
86
emphysema
smoking related disease
loss of area (alveoli) available for gas exchange due to destruction of elastic tissue
alveoli lose the ability to stretch and recoil
alveoli expand but can't contract/exhale air
87
emphysema is the main form of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
88
with emphysema, you cannot --- effectively
exhale
89
what becomes trapped in the dilated alveoli?
stagnant, oxygen poor air
90
chest size of those with emphysema
increased chest size or barrel chest from abnormally expanded lungs in
91
--- cancer is the second most common malignancy after prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women
lung
92
lung cancer is the leading cause of
smoking and cancer related mortality in both sexes
93
lung cancer originates in the
epithelium
94
lung cancers manifest with symptoms produced by the (3)
primary tumor, loco regional spread, and metastatic disease
95
pulmonary symptoms include (4)
chronic cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), excess pulmonary mucus production and increased infections
