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Anatomy > Heart Vasculature and Innervation > Flashcards

Heart Vasculature and Innervation Flashcards

1
Q

what do the coronary arteries supply?

A

the myocardium and epicardium (visceral layer or the serous pericardium)

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2
Q

how many coronary arteries are there?

A

2, left and right

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3
Q

where do the right and left coronary arteries arise from?

A

the right and left aortic sinuses, respectively

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4
Q

right coronary artery (2)

A

right marginal artery

posterior inter ventricular artery (posterior descending artery)

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5
Q

posterior inter ventricular artery gives rise to the

A

AV nodal artery

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6
Q

left coronary artery

A

circumflex artery

anterior inter ventricular artery (left anterior descending artery or LAD)

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7
Q

the coronary arteries are — end arteries

A

functionally

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8
Q

end artery (terminal artery)

A

an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of tissue

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9
Q

do end arteries anastomose with other arteries or arterial branches of the same artery?

A

no

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10
Q

why aren’t the branches of the coronary arteries true end arteries?

A

because numerous anastomoses take place between the left and right coronary arteries (inter coronary anastomoses) and between branches of the same artery (inter coronary anastomoses)

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11
Q

where do the coronary arteries send branches to heart muscle?

A

on either side of their path and to any portion of septum deep to their path

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12
Q

blood supply is easy to deduce with the exception of (2)

A

the SA and AV nodes

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13
Q

4 branches of the right coronary artery

A

SA nodal (60%)
right marginal
AV nodal
posterior interventricular

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14
Q

what does the RCA supply? (4)

A

right atrium
right ventricle
posterior 1/3 interventricular septum
SA and AV nodes

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15
Q

2 branches of the left coronary artery

A 
anterior interventricular (LAD (left anterior descending))
circumflex
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16
Q

anterior interventricular

A

diagonal branch

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17
Q

circumflex

A

left marginal

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18
Q

what does the LCA supply? (6)

A 
left atrium
left ventricle 
portion of right ventricle 
interventricular septum (ant, 2/3) 
AV node 
SA node in 40% of the population
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19
Q

circumflex (6)

A 
left atrium
lateral- left ventricle 
inferior- left ventricle (15%)
posterior-left ventricle 
SA node (40%)
AV node (10-15%)
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20
Q

where does the right coronary artery run?

A

the coronary sulcus

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21
Q

what does the SA nodal artery supply?

A

the SA node

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22
Q

what does the right marginal artery supply?

A

the right ventricle

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23
Q

does the right marginal artery reach the apex?

A

no

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24
Q

what is dominance of the coronary arterial system defined by?

A

the artery that gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery

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25
dominance of the --- --- --- is typical (67%)
right coronary artery
26
how does blood supply to the heart from the RCA and LCA compare?
they are about equal
27
how often does dominance of the left coronary artery occur?
about 15% of hearts
28
codominance
both the RCA and LCA give rise to branches that course in or near the posterior interventricular groove
29
how often does codominance occur?
about 18% of hearts
30
can you have only one coronary artery?
yes, a few people have only one coronary artery
31
what is coronary atherosclerosis?
lipid deposits in the intimate (lining) of coronary arteries
32
treatment of. coronary artery disease (CAD)
surgical therapy with coronary revascularization
33
surgical therapy: coronary revascularization with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is recommended for patients who (2)
fail medical management | have left main coronary artery or three vessel disease
34
treatments of CAD include (4)
lifestyle changes medications angioplasty surgery
35
myocardial infarction (MI)
suffer occlusion of a major artery (by an embolus)
36
in MI, a region of the heart supplied by occluded vessels becomes infarcted, and becomes
necrotic
37
infarcted
rendered bloodless
38
necrosis
tissue death
39
what is the most common cause of MI?
coronary artery insufficiency from atherosclerosis
40
the heart is drained mainly by veins that empty into the
coronary sinus
41
small anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the
right atrium
42
the coronary sinus runs toward the right side of the heart and drains in the
right atrium
43
what are the 5 cardiac veins?
``` great cardiac v middle cardiac v small cardiac v anterior cardiac coronary sinus ```
44
where is the SA node located?
in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava and the superior end of the crista terminalis
45
function of the SA node (2)
initiates cardiac muscle contraction and determines heart rate
46
where is the AV node located?
in the intertribal septum just superior to the opening of the coronary sinus
47
where does the AV bundle pass from?
the AV node in the membranous part of the interventricular septum
48
what does the AV bundle divide into?
the right and left bundle branches
49
function of the conducting system?
network of specialized tissue that stimulates contraction
50
what does the conducting system contain?
modified cardiac myocytes
51
the heart can contract with any
innervation
52
where do purkinje fibers carry their signal?
into papillary muscles to coordinate their contraction with systole
53
where are preganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies located?
in the lateral horns of the spinal cord segments T1-T5
54
where are postganglionic cells located?
in the cervical and superior thoracic paravertebral ganglia
55
the postsynaptic fibers are carried in to the
splanchnic nerves, contributing to the cardiac plexus and ending in the SA and AV nodes and in relation to the termination of parasympathetic fibers on the coronary arteries
56
what is sympathetic innervation responsible for?
increase heart rate, impulse conduction, force of heart beat, and blood flow in coronary arteries
57
what does the vagus nerve do
parasympathetic, decreases heart rate
58
what do the sympathetic cardiac nerves do?
increase heart rate and force of contraction
59
parasympathetic innervation is via
preganglionic fibers located in the vagus nerve
60
what do presympathetic fibers contribute to?
the cardiac plexuses
61
where are postganglionic cells of the parasympathetic system located?
in the cardiac tissue (atrial wall and intertribal septum near the SA and AV nodes and along coronary arteries)
62
where do postsynaptic fibers end?
in the SA and AV nodes and directly on the coronary arteries
63
what is parasympathetic stimulation is responsible for? (3)
decreasing heart rate, force of contraction, and contracting coronary arteries
64
what do visceral pain pathways for the heart follow?
the path of the sympathetic backward
65
visceral sensory pathways that participate in reflex actions that lower blood pressure and slow the heart rate are carried in the
vagus nerve (CN 10)
66
the vagus nerve does not. transmit any visceral pain fibers originating in
the heart
67
how many blood vessels are in the umbilical cord?
3
68
ideally, the umbilical cord contains which 3 vessels?
2 umbilical arteries | 1 umbilical vein
69
what do the two umbilical arteries become?
the medial umbilical ligaments of the anterior abdominal wall
70
the 2 umbilical arteries are branches of the internal iliac arteries which carry unoxygenated blood
away from the fetus
71
what does the umbilical vein drain into
ivc and bypasses the liver the ductus venous which drains into the
72
this vein carries oxygenated blood from the
placenta to fetus
73
blood from the inferior vena cava flows into the right atrium, toward the
foramen ovale and into the left atrium
74
this blood is ultimately circulated to the fetus' (3)
head neck upper extremities
75
blood from the superior vena cava flows into the right atrium, toward the
tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
76
blood in the pulmonary trunk is shunted to the
aorta (distal to the brachiocephalic, L common carotid, and L subclavian branches) via the ductus arteriosus
77
this blood is ultimately circulated to the fetus' (4)
thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities

Anatomy (29 decks)

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