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Anatomy > Diaphragm Pleurae > Flashcards

Diaphragm Pleurae Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thoracic cavity bounded by?

A

the thoracic cage and respiratory diaphragm. it extends upward to the thoracic outlet/inlet (superior thoracic aperture)

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2
Q

how can the thoracic cavity be divided?

A

into a median partition called the mediastinum, and the bilaterally placed left and right pleural cavities containing the pleurae and the lungs

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3
Q

mediastinum

A

a moveable median partition of the thoracic cavort that extends superiorly to the thoracic outlet/root of the neck and inferiorly to the respiratory diaphragm. it extends anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to the vertebral bodies

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4
Q

respiratory diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle diaphragm lined by pleura (superiorly) and peritoneum (inferiorly) that separates the thoracic and abdominal viscera

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5
Q

the mediastinum is divided by an imaginary plane that runs from the sternal angle to the T4 vertebrae into

A

superior and inferior mediastinum

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6
Q

superior mediastinum

A

bounded anteriorly by the manubrium and posteriorly by vertebral bodies of T1-T4

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7
Q

inferior mediastinum

A

bounded anteriorly by the body of the sternum and posteriorly by the vertebral bodies of the lower 8 thoracic vertebrae

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8
Q

the inferior mediastinum is further subdivided into (3)

A

anterior
middle
posterior

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9
Q

anterior mediastinum

A

space between the pericardium and the sternum

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10
Q

middle mediastinum

A

pericardium and heart

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11
Q

posterior mediastinum

A

between the pericardium and the vertebral column

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12
Q

the respiratory diaphragm

A

thin muscular and tendinous septum that separates the thoracic cavort from the abdominal cavity

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13
Q

what shape is the diaphragm?

A

dome (convex superiorly)

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14
Q

the diaphragm consists of (2)

A

a peripheral muscular part, which arises from the lateral walls of the thorax (sternal, costal, and lumbar)

a centrally placed tendon

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15
Q

what is the diaphragm pierced by?

A

structures that pass between the thorax and abdomen

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16
Q

what is the most important muscle of respiration?

A

diaphragm

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17
Q

what are the crura of the diaphragm?

A

musculotendinous bands that arise from the anterior surface of L1-3/IVDs and the anterior longitudinal ligament

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18
Q

who h crus is larger and longer?

A

right (L1-L3/L4)

left (L1-L2/L3)

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19
Q

median arcuate ligament

A

unites the crura and forms the aortic hiatus

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20
Q

medial arcuate ligament

A

thickening of fascia (posts major)

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21
Q

lateral arcuate ligament

A

thickening of fascia (quadrates lumborum)

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22
Q

(inferior) caval hiatus

A

T8

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23
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

T10

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24
Q

aortic hiatus

A

T12

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25
Q

the diaphragm also has small openings for

A

sympathetic splanchnic nerves, sympathetic trunk and superior epigastric vessels

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26
Q

somatic motor nerve of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

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27
Q

the phrenic nerve also carries sensory information such as

A

pain and proprioception

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28
Q

sensory innervation of the diaphragm

A

peripheral parts receive some sort of sensory innervation from the lower intercostal nerves

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29
Q

during inhalation,

A

the diaphragm contracts (moves down)

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30
Q

during exhalation,

A

the diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

31
Q

superior suface arterial supply

A

musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic (br. ITA) and superior phrenic (br. thoracic aorta)

32
Q

inferior surface arterial supply

A

inferior phrenic (br. abdominal aorta)

33
Q

superior surface venous drainage

A

musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic (drain into ITV) and right superior phrenic (drain into IVC), some veins from posterior curvature drain into azygous and hemiazygous veins

34
Q

inferior surface venous drainage

A

right inferior phrenic (IVC) and left inferior phrenic (IVC and or left suprarenal vein)

35
Q

what type of membranes form closed sacs in the thoracic cavity?

A

serous

36
Q

two layers of the thoracic cavort

A

visceral pleura

parietal pleura

37
Q

visceral pleura

A

adheres to the lung, continuous with parietal pleura of the root of lung

38
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the thoracic cavity

39
Q

the pleural cavity is a

A

potential space between the layers of pleura

40
Q

the pleural cavity contains a small amount of

A

serous pleural fluid

41
Q

function of the pleural cavity

A

lubricates pleural surfaces and allows layer to slide smoothly over one another during respiration

42
Q

reflection

A

every time you change direction

43
Q

pleural reflections

A

lines, usually projected onto the surface of the thoracic wall, indicating the abrupt change in direction of the parietal pleura as it passes from one wall of the pulmonary cavity to another

44
Q

usually, the lung does not completely fill the

A

pleural cavity

45
Q

pleural recesses

A

places where parietal pleurae can appose each other

46
Q

the pleural recesses are occupied by the lungs only on

A

forced, deep inspirations

47
Q

costodiaphragmatic

A

slit like spaces between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae, along the inferior border of the lung which entered through it in deep inspiration

48
Q

costomediastinal

A

slit like space between costal and mediastinal pleurae along the anterior border of the lung which entered into it in deep inspiration

49
Q

is costodiaphragmatic or costomediastinal more clinically important?

A

costodiaphragmatic

50
Q

thoracentesis

A

a producer in which a needle is interred into the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall

51
Q

why are thoracentesis procedures done?

A

to remove excess fluid, known as a pleural effusion, from the pleural space to help you breathe easier

52
Q

thoracentesis may be done to determine the cause of your

A

pleural effusion

53
Q

pleaural effusion

A

“water on the lungs”

buildup of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

54
Q

empyema and hemothorax

A

pus in the pleural space

55
Q

how are pneumothorax caused? (4)

A

by a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or damage from underlying lung disease. or for no obvious reason

56
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A

sudden chest pin and shortness of breath

57
Q

treatment of pneumothorax

A

inserting a flexible tube or needle between the rubs to remove the excess air. however, a small pneumothorax may heal on its own

58
Q

arterial supply of the visceral pleura

A

branches of the bronchial and pulmonary arterial systems

59
Q

the veins of the visceral pleura drain to the

A

azygos/hemiazygos veins and some to the pulmonary vein

60
Q

bronchial arteries arise from the

A

thoracic aorta

61
Q

how many bronchial arteries are there for each lung

A

1-2

62
Q

bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to the

A

nonrespiratory tissues of the lung and visceral pleura

63
Q

anastomoses occur between the

A

capillaries of the bronchial and pulmonary systems

64
Q

how many visible and named bronchial veins?

A

2

65
Q

bronchial veins only carry about –% of bronchial venous blood to systemic venous circuit

A

13%

66
Q

the remaining –% of bronchial nexus blood drains to pulmonary venous circuit desaturating the left atrial blood by about one percent, from 100 to 99%

A

87%

67
Q

the parietal pleura is split into (4)

A

cervical
costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal

68
Q

cervical pleura is supplied by the

A

intercostal vessels

69
Q

costal pleura is supplied by the

A

intercostal vessels

70
Q

diaphragmatic pleura is supplied by the

A

intercostal vessels (periphery) and pericardiacophrenic vessels (central tendon)

71
Q

the mediastinal pleura is supplied by the

A

pericardiacophrenic vessels

72
Q

venous drainage from the parietal pleura would be to the

A

companion veins of the arterial supply

73
Q

nerve supply to the visceral pleura

A

none

74
Q

nerve supply to the parietal pleura

A

identical to vascular supply, also supplied by nerves which supply the structures they cover

cervical: intercostal nerves
costal: intercostal nerves
diaphragmatic: intercostal and phrenic nerves
mediastinal: phrenic nerves

Anatomy (29 decks)

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