Diaphragm Pleurae

Question 1

what is the thoracic cavity bounded by?

Answer 1

the thoracic cage and respiratory diaphragm. it extends upward to the thoracic outlet/inlet (superior thoracic aperture)

Question 2

how can the thoracic cavity be divided?

Answer 2

into a median partition called the mediastinum, and the bilaterally placed left and right pleural cavities containing the pleurae and the lungs

Question 3

mediastinum

Answer 3

a moveable median partition of the thoracic cavort that extends superiorly to the thoracic outlet/root of the neck and inferiorly to the respiratory diaphragm. it extends anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to the vertebral bodies

Question 4

respiratory diaphragm

Answer 4

skeletal muscle diaphragm lined by pleura (superiorly) and peritoneum (inferiorly) that separates the thoracic and abdominal viscera

Question 5

the mediastinum is divided by an imaginary plane that runs from the sternal angle to the T4 vertebrae into

Answer 5

superior and inferior mediastinum

Question 6

superior mediastinum

Answer 6

bounded anteriorly by the manubrium and posteriorly by vertebral bodies of T1-T4

Question 7

inferior mediastinum

Answer 7

bounded anteriorly by the body of the sternum and posteriorly by the vertebral bodies of the lower 8 thoracic vertebrae

Question 8

the inferior mediastinum is further subdivided into (3)

Answer 8

anterior
middle
posterior

Question 9

anterior mediastinum

Answer 9

space between the pericardium and the sternum

Question 10

middle mediastinum

Answer 10

pericardium and heart

Question 11

posterior mediastinum

Answer 11

between the pericardium and the vertebral column

Question 12

the respiratory diaphragm

Answer 12

thin muscular and tendinous septum that separates the thoracic cavort from the abdominal cavity

Question 13

what shape is the diaphragm?

Answer 13

dome (convex superiorly)

Question 14

the diaphragm consists of (2)

Answer 14

a peripheral muscular part, which arises from the lateral walls of the thorax (sternal, costal, and lumbar)

a centrally placed tendon

Question 15

what is the diaphragm pierced by?

Answer 15

structures that pass between the thorax and abdomen

Question 16

what is the most important muscle of respiration?

Answer 16

diaphragm

Question 17

what are the crura of the diaphragm?

Answer 17

musculotendinous bands that arise from the anterior surface of L1-3/IVDs and the anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 18

who h crus is larger and longer?

Answer 18

right (L1-L3/L4)

left (L1-L2/L3)

Question 19

median arcuate ligament

Answer 19

unites the crura and forms the aortic hiatus

Question 20

medial arcuate ligament

Answer 20

thickening of fascia (posts major)

Question 21

lateral arcuate ligament

Answer 21

thickening of fascia (quadrates lumborum)

Question 22

(inferior) caval hiatus

Answer 22

T8

Question 23

esophageal hiatus

Answer 23

T10

Question 24

aortic hiatus

Answer 24

T12

Question 25

the diaphragm also has small openings for

Answer 25

sympathetic splanchnic nerves, sympathetic trunk and superior epigastric vessels

Question 26

somatic motor nerve of the diaphragm

Answer 26

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

Question 27

the phrenic nerve also carries sensory information such as

Answer 27

pain and proprioception

Question 28

sensory innervation of the diaphragm

Answer 28

peripheral parts receive some sort of sensory innervation from the lower intercostal nerves

Question 29

during inhalation,

Answer 29

the diaphragm contracts (moves down)

Question 30

during exhalation,

Answer 30

the diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

Question 31

superior suface arterial supply

Answer 31

musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic (br. ITA) and superior phrenic (br. thoracic aorta)

Question 32

inferior surface arterial supply

Answer 32

inferior phrenic (br. abdominal aorta)

Question 33

superior surface venous drainage

Answer 33

musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic (drain into ITV) and right superior phrenic (drain into IVC), some veins from posterior curvature drain into azygous and hemiazygous veins

Question 34

inferior surface venous drainage

Answer 34

right inferior phrenic (IVC) and left inferior phrenic (IVC and or left suprarenal vein)

Question 35

what type of membranes form closed sacs in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 35

serous

Question 36

two layers of the thoracic cavort

Answer 36

visceral pleura | parietal pleura

Question 37

visceral pleura

Answer 37

adheres to the lung, continuous with parietal pleura of the root of lung

Question 38

parietal pleura

Answer 38

lines the thoracic cavity

Question 39

the pleural cavity is a

Answer 39

potential space between the layers of pleura

Question 40

the pleural cavity contains a small amount of

Answer 40

serous pleural fluid

Question 41

function of the pleural cavity

Answer 41

lubricates pleural surfaces and allows layer to slide smoothly over one another during respiration

Question 42

reflection

Answer 42

every time you change direction

Question 43

pleural reflections

Answer 43

lines, usually projected onto the surface of the thoracic wall, indicating the abrupt change in direction of the parietal pleura as it passes from one wall of the pulmonary cavity to another

Question 44

usually, the lung does not completely fill the

Answer 44

pleural cavity

Question 45

pleural recesses

Answer 45

places where parietal pleurae can appose each other

Question 46

the pleural recesses are occupied by the lungs only on

Answer 46

forced, deep inspirations

Question 47

costodiaphragmatic

Answer 47

slit like spaces between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae, along the inferior border of the lung which entered through it in deep inspiration

Question 48

costomediastinal

Answer 48

slit like space between costal and mediastinal pleurae along the anterior border of the lung which entered into it in deep inspiration

Question 49

is costodiaphragmatic or costomediastinal more clinically important?

Answer 49

costodiaphragmatic

Question 50

thoracentesis

Answer 50

a producer in which a needle is interred into the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall

Question 51

why are thoracentesis procedures done?

Answer 51

to remove excess fluid, known as a pleural effusion, from the pleural space to help you breathe easier

Question 52

thoracentesis may be done to determine the cause of your

Answer 52

pleural effusion

Question 53

pleaural effusion

Answer 53

"water on the lungs" | buildup of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

Question 54

empyema and hemothorax

Answer 54

pus in the pleural space

Question 55

how are pneumothorax caused? (4)

Answer 55

by a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or damage from underlying lung disease. or for no obvious reason

Question 56

symptoms of pneumothorax

Answer 56

sudden chest pin and shortness of breath

Question 57

treatment of pneumothorax

Answer 57

inserting a flexible tube or needle between the rubs to remove the excess air. however, a small pneumothorax may heal on its own

Question 58

arterial supply of the visceral pleura

Answer 58

branches of the bronchial and pulmonary arterial systems

Question 59

the veins of the visceral pleura drain to the

Answer 59

azygos/hemiazygos veins and some to the pulmonary vein

Question 60

bronchial arteries arise from the

Answer 60

thoracic aorta

Question 61

how many bronchial arteries are there for each lung

Answer 61

1-2

Question 62

bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to the

Answer 62

nonrespiratory tissues of the lung and visceral pleura

Question 63

anastomoses occur between the

Answer 63

capillaries of the bronchial and pulmonary systems

Question 64

how many visible and named bronchial veins?

Answer 64

2

Question 65

bronchial veins only carry about --% of bronchial venous blood to systemic venous circuit

Answer 65

13%

Question 66

the remaining --% of bronchial nexus blood drains to pulmonary venous circuit desaturating the left atrial blood by about one percent, from 100 to 99%

Answer 66

87%

Question 67

the parietal pleura is split into (4)

Answer 67

cervical costal diaphragmatic mediastinal

Question 68

cervical pleura is supplied by the

Answer 68

intercostal vessels

Question 69

costal pleura is supplied by the

Answer 69

intercostal vessels

Question 70

diaphragmatic pleura is supplied by the

Answer 70

intercostal vessels (periphery) and pericardiacophrenic vessels (central tendon)

Question 71

the mediastinal pleura is supplied by the

Answer 71

pericardiacophrenic vessels

Question 72

venous drainage from the parietal pleura would be to the

Answer 72

companion veins of the arterial supply

Question 73

nerve supply to the visceral pleura

Answer 73

none

Question 74

nerve supply to the parietal pleura

Answer 74

identical to vascular supply, also supplied by nerves which supply the structures they cover cervical: intercostal nerves costal: intercostal nerves diaphragmatic: intercostal and phrenic nerves mediastinal: phrenic nerves