Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

OS 213 Respiratory EXAM 1 > LUNG DEFENSE MECHANISM > Flashcards

LUNG DEFENSE MECHANISM Flashcards

1
Q

Most common entry of microorganism into the lower RT?

A

Aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Increase in aspirated volume

A

loss of control of the upper airway which should be patent in order to protect us from aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2nd most common mode of infection

A

Inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Infection that has spread to the lungs

A

Hematogenous spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Non-pulmonary infection that spreads to the lungs

A

contiguous Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mechanical components in lung defense

A
  1. Turbinates and nares -
  2. Branching architecture of tracheobronchial tree
  3. particle deposition in the RT
  4. Expulsive mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most important mechanism involved in protection of the respiratory tract

A

Mucociliary escalatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transport rate of Mucociliary escalator

A

3mm/min, becoming more rapid proximally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conditions that can cause clearance impairment

A
  1. Advanced age
  2. Smoking
  3. Viral infections
  4. Pulmonary dysfunctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Double layer of Mucus

A

External Gel Layer

Internal Sol layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

External Gel Layer

A

Viscous, elastic
traps and transport deposited particles
Loss of elasticity can impair clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Internal sol layer

A

Thin liquid where cilia can move easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mucus is more abundant where? proximally or distally?

A

proximally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cilia

A

biphasic, periodic motion and strikes the gel with their tips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Presence of Normal Bacterial flora

A

adhere to the mucosal oropharynx and serve as protective organisms

Prevent the binding of pathogenic bacteria to mucosal areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most important defense mechanism in the alveolar level

A

Alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Defenses at the alveolar level

A
  1. Alveolar macrophages
  2. lymphoid nodule
  3. lymphokines
  4. surfactants
  5. Immunoglobulins
  6. COmplement
  7. Chemotactic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Surfactant proteins

A

SP A and D
antiviral and antibacterial
capable of opsonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of alveolar macrophages

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. possess immunologic form (T-lymphocytes)
  3. release cytokines to trigger inflammatory response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Enables macrophages to recruit and activate other inflammatory cells

A

Cytokines (LT B4 and IL 8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Events that follow capillary leak

A

Hemoptysis
Radiographic infiltrates
Rales on physical examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Factors Affecting Host Defense

A
  1. Medical Illness
  2. Immunosupression
  3. Cortocosteroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Drugs that cause immunosupression

A 
ATG/ALG
OKT3
Corticosteroids
Cyclosporine
Azathioprine
Tacrolimus, Sirolimus
Mycophenolate Mofetil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Side effects of immunosuppression

A

Granulocytopenia
Bone marrow depression
Subtle changes on macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Infections caused by chronic steroid intake
``` TB Legionella Nocardia Streptococci Aspergillus, Candida CMV, HSV, RSV Pneumocystis ```
26
First line of defese against infection
innate immunity
27
Does not confer long lasting immunity
innate immunity
28
Initial response of innate immunity
limit infection, initiate specific or adaptive immune response
29
Found on the surface and within endosome of host cells
TLR
30
LPS in g(-) are detected by
TLR4
31
types of adaptive immune response
Cellular and humoral
32
consists of T lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells
Cellular immunity
33
Recognizes and combats pathogens that proliferate intracellularly
Cellular immunity
34
Components of the adaptive immune response
dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes
35
CD8 (+)
cytotoxic T cells
36
CD4 (+)
Helper T cells
37
Stimulate inflammatory response
Cytokines
38
RES
Monocyte-derived phagocytic cells
39
Produced by B lymphocytes
Antibodies
40
Immunoglobulin that predominates in the circulation
IgG
41
Earliest specific antibody to appear in infetion
IgM
42
Important in allergic and Parasitic disease
IgE
43
monomeric IgA
Serum
44
Have receptors for both antibody and C3b which aid in the clearance of infectious agents
PMN
45
group of serum proteins that adhere to and in some cases disruot the surface of the invading organisms
Complement system
46
Complement that acts as opsonin
C3b
47
Complements that directly kill some bacterial invaders thru bacteriolysis
C7.8,9
48
complement that acts as chemoattractants
C5a
49
Pathways for complement activation
Classical, Alternative, Mannose binding
50
IV drug USe
S aureus
51
Risk of aspiration
Anaerobes
52
HIV
Pneumocystis, CMV
53
Alcoholic
Lung abscess
54
HIV
Interstitial pneumonia
55
Respiratory symptoms
``` cough 90% Expectoration 66% Dyspnea 66% Pleuritic Pain 50% Hemoptysis 15% ```
56
Community acquired pneumonia is present in 20 to 50% of those who have
``` cough fever tachypnea tachycardia pulmonary crackles ```
57
Typical CAP
Acute, chills, productive cough, purulent or bloody expectoration, pleuritic pain, consolidation by X-ray, crackles by PE, ELevated WBCs (neutrophils)
58
Atypical CAP
``` Legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydia Gradual onset Fever Nonproductive cough Systemic complaints more prominent than respiratory ones Normal white count ```
59
Elderly and immunocompromised
changes in sensorium, loss of appetite, electrolyte imbalance, history of falls, sleepiness, increased sleeping time, incontinence
60
Specificity of Gram stain for pneumococcal pneumonia
>80%
61
Good sputum mechanism
EC <10/LPfF | PMN >25/LPF
62
Blood cultures
at least 2 | Overall yield : 20%
63
Endotracheal aspirate
quantitative cultures | >105 CFU/ml = pneumonia
64
CXR : whole Lobe
LOBAR
65
CXR: bulging fissure sign | CUrrant jelly sputum
Lobar: Klebsiella
66
CXR: Diffuse pattern
Bronchopneumonia | S. aureus, P aeruginosa, E. colu
67
CXR: Blateral or symmetrical, lung abscess, and pneumatocoeles
Bronchial: Staphylococcal
68
CXR: Reticular pattern
Interstitial | Mycoplasma and Viruses
69
CXR: lung fluid level
Lung abscess
70
CXR:apical
TB

OS 213 Respiratory EXAM 1 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions