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OS 213 Respiratory EXAM 1 > Bacterial Involved in Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Bacterial Involved in Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

2 functions of Normal Flora in maintaining the healthy state of the host

A
  1. Competes with pathogenic mechanism

2. Produces substances which are bactericidal

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2
Q

Most common cause of URTI

A

Rhinoviruses

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3
Q

Common causes of Pharyngitis

A

S. pyogenes, C. diptheriae

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4
Q

Causative agent of whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

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5
Q

Viral infections usually resolves around how many days?

A

1-2 days

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6
Q

Causes of “strep throat”, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and RHD

A

Group A streptococcus (S. pyogenes)

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7
Q

Most common cause of newborn sepsis

A

Group B streptococcus

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8
Q

General features of S. pneumoniae

A

gram (+), NM, encapsulated diplococci
Lancet shape
Fastidious
found in nasopharynx

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9
Q

Two ways a person becomes infected with s. pneumoniae

A

Endogenous - carriers

Exogenous - droplet transmission

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10
Q

Most important virulence factor of s. pneumoniae

A

CAPSULE (85 capsular serotypes)

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11
Q

Functions of the capsule

A

antiphagocytic and antigenic

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12
Q

Virulence factor responsible for release of intracellular virulence factor

A

Autolysin (peptodoglycan hydrolase)

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13
Q

VF that attacks mamalian cells, causing lysis

A

Pneumolysin

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14
Q

Contiguous spread of s. pneumoniae from the nasopharynx through the eustachian tube leads to?

A

otitis media

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15
Q

Otitis Media is most common in children because?

A

Eustachian tube is more horizontal compared to adults

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16
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of s. pneumoniae

A

Alpha hemolytic on BAP
G(+) diplococci on direct gram stain
Sensitive to optochin (>14mm) and (+) bile solubility
(+) quellung test

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17
Q

Sensitivity of sputum gram stain and cultures

A

80% and 93%

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18
Q

First line drug of S. pneumoniae

A

Amoxicillin

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19
Q

Characteristics of PPV

A

23 different serotypes
90% of invasive strains
more expansive serovar protection in addition to the conjugated vaccine
indicated for 2 years old and above

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20
Q

Characteristics of Prevnar(13 strains) and Synflovix (10 strains)

A

conjugated vaccine
<2 years of age
for adults also: PREVNAR -> 23 strains

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21
Q

General features of S. pyogenes

A

G(+), NM cocci occuring in long chains

GROUP A, beta hemolytic streptococcus

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22
Q

Most virulent GABHS

A

S. pyogenes

invade INTACT skin or mucous membrane
Low inoculum can cause infection
Nasopharyngeal carriage is common
Common cause of infection in neonates

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23
Q

Composition of capsule of s. pyogenes

A

hyaluronic acid

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24
Q

What is the role of fimbriae of s.pyogenes

A

Contains M protein (highly antigenic and give variability)

N Terminal has anti phagocytic activity

Lipotechoic acid for adherence

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25
Q

Mediates attachment of S. pyogenes

A

protein F

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26
Q

What are the extracellular products of s. pyogenes

A

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE)

Cytolytic toxins and other exoenzymes

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27
Q

Examples of Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins

A 
SPE A and C (carried by bacteriophage)
SPE B (cystein protease)
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28
Q

What cytolytic toxins damages cells resulting in release of lysosomal enzymes and degranulation?

A

Streptolysin O

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29
Q

What cytolytic toxin lyses RBC, leukocytes and platelets?

A

Streptolysin S

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30
Q

What enzyme catalyzes converion ofplasminogen to plasmin?

A

Streptokinase

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31
Q

Most common type of s. pyogenes infection

A

Acute pharyngitis or phayngotonsilitis

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32
Q

Give 2 non-infectious sequelae of s.pyogenes infection

A

Acute rheumatic fever

AGN

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33
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of S. pyogenes

A 
Small opalacent colonies
B-hemolytic
sensistive to bacitracin
Precipitin reaction: C-carbohydrate
ASO and antiDNAse B
CAMP negative
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34
Q

Test to identify group A beta hemolytic streptocci

A

CAMP

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35
Q

Treatment of s.pyogenes infection

A

Penicillin and macrolides

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36
Q

general features of H. influ

A

Gram (-) coccobacillus

Encapsulated

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37
Q

Other name for H. influenza

A

pfeifer’s bacillus

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38
Q

6 distinct antigenic type of H. influ

A 
Type A GLUCOSE
Type B RIBOSE
TYPE C GALACTOSE
TYPE D HEXOSE
TYPE E HEXOSAMINE
TYPE F GALACTOSAMINE
39
Q

Most important antigenic type of H. influ

A 
TYPE B (ribose, ribitol, phosphate)
antiphagocytic
40
Q

Growth factors of H. influ

A

X factor - haemin

V factor: NAD/NADP - oxidation reduction process

41
Q

Only natural host for H inlu

A

Human

42
Q

Virulence factor of H influ that induces hypotension, shock and other systemic infection

A

Lipopolysaccharides

43
Q

Thumb sign

A

Epiglottitis

44
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of H. influenza

A

small g(-) coccobacilli (presumptive dx)
Grows in the presence of X and V actors
Grows in aerobic atmosphere enriched with 5-10% CO2

45
Q

What do you call the phenomenon where H. influenza grows mercury droplet like colonies near S. aureus

A

Satellite phenomenon

46
Q

Treatment of H. influenzae

A

Inhibited by ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, 3rd generation ephalosporins, co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin

47
Q

treatment for meningitis caused by H. influenzae

A

3rd generation cephalosporins and chloramphenicol

48
Q

Prevention against H. influenzae

A

Immunization with conjugate Hib vaccine

2,4,6 months

49
Q

Prophylaxis for H. influenzae

A

Rifampicin daily for 4 days

50
Q

General features of S. aureus

A

G(+) grapelike clusters
Produces catalase and coagulase
Resistant to heat and drying

51
Q

Location of S. aureus in the body

A

skin, anterior nares, and other mucous membranes

52
Q

Host to lysogeic bacteriophages

A

S. aureus

53
Q

Virulence factor of s.aureus that promotes colonization of host tissues

A

surface proteins (adhesins, fibronectin binding protein)

54
Q

VF of s. aureus that promotes bacterial spread in tissues

A

Invasins (leukocidin, kinases, hyaluronidase)

55
Q

VF of s. aureus that inhibit phagocytic engulfment

A

Protein A

56
Q

VF of s. aureus that damages host tissues or otherwise provoke symptoms of disease

A

Exotoxins

57
Q

Laboratory Identification of s. aureus

A 
Gram +
smooth,round, yellow colonies
B-hemolytic
Grows in MSA nd 15% NaCl
catalase and coagulase (+)
58
Q

Example of staphylococci that is resistant to Novobiocin

A

S. saprophyticus

59
Q

Example of staphylococci that is susceptible to novobiocin

A

S. epidermidis

60
Q

Treatment for S. aureus

A

Vancomycin (if penicillin resistant) and Linezolid if vancomycin resistant

61
Q

General features of Bordetella pertussis

A 
small g(-) bacilli
catalase and oxidase (+)
(+)capsule
with agglutination property
Strict aerobe
62
Q

Two variations of B. pertussis

A

1) Phase variation

2) Antigenic Variation

63
Q

What is different phases of Phase variation

A

Phase 1: antigenically cometet virulent strain
Phase 2 and 3 : intermediate phases
Phase 4; Avirulent

64
Q

What is Antigenic Variation

A

Low temperature or high magnesium may cause organism to change its antigen becoming avirulent

65
Q

VF of B. pertussis that protects the bacteria from bactericidal processes

A

Polysaccharide capsule

66
Q

Different toxins produced by B. Pertussis

A

Filamentous hemagglutinin - adhesion

Pertussis toxin - increases histamone release and enhance inflammation

67
Q

VF of BP that inhibits phagocytosis and NK cell function

A

Adenylate cyclase

68
Q

VF of BP that causes paralysis of cillia, tissue necrosis, airway obstruction and paroxysms of cough

A

Tracheal endotoxin

69
Q

Very strong vasoconstrictor and causes ischemia and extravasation of leuocytes

A

Dermonecrotic (heat labile) toxin

70
Q

Phases of whooping cough

A

Incubation (1 week)
Catarrhal (1-3 weeks) : flu-like symptoms
Paroxysmal Phase (3-6 weeks): episodic cough for 3 weeks duration with elevated WBC counts

71
Q

Culture media of B. pertussis

A

Bordet-gengou

72
Q

Laboratory dx of B. pertussis

A

Oxidase(+) Urease (-)

Dewdrop colonies

73
Q

SPecimen for recoveryof B.pertussis

A

Nasopharyngeal washing/swab : Dacron or calcium alginate swab

74
Q

Cough plates

A

borget gengou - potato glycerol

Regan lowe - charcoal blood agar

75
Q

Treatment of B. pertussis

A

Erythromycin

76
Q

Prevention of B. pertussis

A

Killed whole cell vaccine

Acellular vaccine

77
Q

General characteristics of C. diphtheriae

A

pleomorphic , non spore forming
G(+)
with poyphosphate granules
Catale and oxidase (+)

78
Q

Media used to enhance metachromasia of C. diphtheriae

A

Loefller’s agar

79
Q

Color of colonies of C. diphtheriae on Tinsdale agar

A

brown to black

80
Q

Lethal dose of Diphtheria toxin

A

0.1 ug/kg

affects ADP ribosylation

81
Q

Pseudomembrane formation and bull neck

A

C. Diphtheriae

82
Q

API coryne System

A

Most useful
20 biochemical tests
Results within 24 hours (enzymatic)
Usease, sugar, and gelatin (5 days)

83
Q

Treatment of C. diphtheriae

A

Supportive
Antibiotic (penicillin, erythromycin, penicillin tetracycline, rifampicin, clindamycin, erythromycin)
ANtitoxin (MUST)

84
Q

General features of MTB

A

Obligate aerobe
Intracellular
Slow grower
Beaded appearance - glycogen metaphosphate

85
Q

Cell wall of MTB

A

High molecular weight mycolic acids and waxes

86
Q

Induce caseation necrosis

A

Phospholipids

87
Q

Responsible for granuloma formation

A

Peptidoglycan + mycolic acids

88
Q

Primary dye of Zhiel neelsen

A

carbolfuchsin

89
Q

Counter stain for AFS

A

methylene blue

90
Q

Diagnosis of MTB

A

3 sputum samples

1/3 (+) is enough

91
Q

Special stain for MTB

A

Auramine Rhodamine Stain

92
Q

Solid Media for MTB

A

Lowenstein-Jensen Medium

93
Q

Liquid Media for MTB

A

BACTEC system

94
Q

Major surface protein for s. pyogenes

A

M protein

OS 213 Respiratory EXAM 1 (19 decks)

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