Lung Cancer Flashcards
What is the most common cause of lung cancer
smoking
What are the most important contents of cigarettes
-tar
-nicotine
-CO
What is the histological type of lung cancer that is exclusively caused by smoking
-SCC
What are the risk factors that lead lung cancer
-passive smoker
-air pollution (urban>rural)
-pulmonary fibrosis (tb and fibrosing alveolitis)
What is the clinical manifestation occurs in 5% of patient
-asymptomatic
-thus the patient needs routine CXR
What is the clinical manifestation occurs in 95% of patient
-respiratory
-distant metastases
-paraneoplastic
What is the early manifestations of hilar tumour
-productive cough (cupful of frothy sputum)
-hemoptysis
-pleuritic chest pain
What is the late manifestations of hilar tumour
(note: late means the hilar tumor is large thus causing compression)
-obstuction that leads to:
-collapse (full)
-pneumonia, lung abscess, bronchioectasis (partial)
In case of lung abscess, why bronchioscopy is done
-to exclude lung cancer
In peripheral tumors, what is commonly known
adenocarcinoma
What is the manifestations of peripheral tumours
-massive hemorrhagic pleural effusion
Why the plural effusion in peripheral tumours don’t shift to the opposite side
-due to the underlying collapse
What structures infiltrated in pancoast syndrome
-sympathetic trunk
(Horner’s syndrome)
-bronchial plexus
(Shoulder pain, muscle atropy)
-posterior ribs
(Ribs erosions and dull kronig’s isthmus)
What is the cause of superior mediastinum syndrome
-venous engorgement
-compression to the venous return
What is the fate of superior mediastinum syndrome
-facial, conjunctival, laryngeal edema (hoarsness due SVC)
-headache
-nonpulsating external jugular vein
What are the sites of metastasis in lung cancer
-hilar lymph nodes
-liver
-brain
-bone
What is the most common metastatic manifestations of lymph nodes
-lymphagitis carcinomatosis
What is the characteristic of lymphagitis carcinomatosis in case of:
-diffuse or localized
-most common condition
-clinical
-radiological
-diffuse
-adenocarcinoma
-diffuse interstitial pulmonary syndrome
-septal nodular
What is the most common metastatic manifestations of liver
-irregular enlargement
-increase ALP with absent alpha-protein
What is the most common metastatic site of bone metastases
-ribs
What is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome
-clubbing
-pulmonary osteoathropathy
What is the cause of metabolic syndrome
-due to the secretion of antimetabolite polypeptide
What is the example of metabolic syndrome
-loss of weight
-anorexia
-cachexia
What is the example of endocrine symptoms with cause
-cushing (<K, small cell carcinoma)
-SIADH (<Na, small cell carcinoma)
-hypercalcemia (constipation, polyuria, stones, squamous cell carcinoma)
-carcinoid (>serotonin, bronchial carcinoid)
-gynecomastia
-polycythemia
