Histology Flashcards by Daniel Aznor

Portions of Respiratory System

-Conducting portion
-Respiratory portion

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What is the extend of the conducting zone

(From the nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles)

Notes:

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, intrapulmonary bronchus, terminal bronchioles

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What is the extend of respiratory zone

From the respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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How many types of pneumocytes in the respiratory systems?

2 (type I and type II)

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What are the type of tissue of pneumocyte type I and the function

-simple squamous epithelium
-thus it allows the gas exchange

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What are the type of tissue of pneumocyte type II and the functions

-cuboidal and granular epithelium
-thus it allows secretion of surfactant
-and it allows regeneration

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Type of tissue in conducting zone

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cell

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Types of cells in respiratory epithelium

-ciliated columnar
-goblet cell
-brush cell
-basal cell
-endocrine cell

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The most abundant type of cell in respiratory epithelium

Ciliated columnar cells

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The most abundant type of cell in respiratory epithelium

Ciliated columnar cells

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Describe the apical structure of the ciliated columnar

-it has apical cilia
-with mitochondria underneath it
-to provide energy for ciliary movement

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Fate in case of failure of ciliary movement of the ciliated columnar cell

Chronic Respiratory Infection

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What is the shape and content of apical portion of the goblet cell

-wide
-mucinogen granules

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What is the shape and content of basal portion of the goblet cell

-narrow
-nucleus and organelles

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Functions of goblet cells

-it secretes mucous
-this provides protective mechanism as trapping
-it prevents dehydration

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What is the content of apical portion of the brush cell?

Microvilli

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What is the content of basal portion of the brush cell?

Afferent Nerve Endings

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What is the content of basal portion of the basal cell?

Afferent Nerve Endings

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Functions of brush cells

it acts as a chemosensory receptor

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Where does the basal cells lie

it lies on basal lamina

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What is the shape of basal cells

-short
-it does not reach the luminal surface

Function of basal cells and what is the characteristic that aids it

-it acts as a stem cell
-because it is mitotically active

Where does the endocrine cells lie

It lies on the basal lamina

What is the content of the basal portion of the endocrine cells

Dense granules

Functions of endocrine cells

-it secretes hormones (aminopeptides) -it acts as the integration of mucous and serous

Functions of endocrine cells

-it secretes hormones (aminopeptides) -it acts as the integration of mucous and serous

What is the structure that supports the lungs?

-hyaline cartilage -about 16-20 in numbers

What are the components of the mucosal layer of the trachea

-epithelium -lamina propria -elastic membrane

The respiratory epithelium of the trachea lies on ___ basal lamina A. Thick B. Thin

Thick

What is the function of the elastic membrane of the mucosa of the trachea

-to separate between lamina propria and submucosa

What are the contents of the submucosa of the trachea

-seromucous glands -lymph follicles

What is the structure that fills the gap between c-shaped hyaline cartilage in the supporting layer

it is a smooth muscle called trachialis muscle

What are the changes that occur to the epithelium as it reaches distally

-pseudostratified columnar ciliated -simple columnar ciliated -simple cuboidal partially ciliated (at the terminal bronchioles) NOTE: ciliated cells continue until the termination of goblet cells to prevent accumulation of mucous

What are the changes that occur to the goblet cells as it reaches distally

it decreases in number and replaced with clara cells in the bronchioles

What is the histological structure of the extrapulmonary bronchus

same with trachea

In mucosal layer of bronchus, what differs it from trachea

-respiratory epithelium will decrease in size and the goblet cell will decrease in number -no elastic membrane

What is absent in the mucosal layer of bronchus

elastic membrane

What is the content of the submucosa of the bronchus and how it is arranged

-layers of smooth muscles -arranged spirally

What is the contents of the supportive layer of the bronchus

-hyaline plates -seromucous glands and lymph follicles

List down the layers of the bronchioles

-mucosa -musculosa -connective tissue layer

Describe the mucosal layer of the bronchioles

-simple cuboidal epithelium partially ciliated -disappearance of goblet cells which replaced by clara cells

Describe the mucosal layer of the bronchioles

-simple cuboidal epithelium partially ciliated -disappearance of goblet cells which replaced by clara cells

What are the structures that are absent in the bronchioles

Notes: Bronchioles has O in it so always NO (No goblet cell, no cartilage, no glands, no lymph follicles)

What are the components of the respiratory portion

-respiratory bronchioles -alveolar duct -alveolar sac -alveoli

Characters of alveoli

-pocket-like -thin layer with extensive capillary beds

Characters of alveoli

-pocket-like -thin layer with extensive capillary beds

“Wall of neighbouring alveoli” This refers as

Interalveolar septum

What presents in the cytoplasm of the pneumocyte type 1

-pinocytotic -but free of organelles NOTES; the organelles are grouped around the nucleus

How does the pneumocytes connected to each other

-tight junction -desmosome

list down the layers of blood-air barriers

-surfactant of alveolar -cytoplasm of pneumocytes type 1 -the fused basal laminae of pneumocytes type 1 -endothelial layers

What are the structure that responsible to give foamy appearance if pneumocytes type II

lamella bodies