Embryology

Question 1

What are the structures that build the diaphragm

Answer 1

-septum tranversum
-pluroperitoneal membrane
-body wall
-dorsal esophageal mesentery

“Several Parts Build A Diaphragm”

Question 2

What is the structure formed from septum transversum

Answer 2

central tendon

Question 3

What is the structure formed from pleuroperitoneal membrane

Answer 3

-tendinous dorsolateral portion

Question 4

What is the structure formed from body wall

Answer 4

-muscular peripheral portion

Question 5

What is the structure formed from dorsal mesentery of esophagus

Answer 5

-crura

Question 6

Regarding septum tranversum, what is its origin

Answer 6

-lateral plate mesoderm

Question 7

Regarding septum tranversum, when is its formation

Answer 7

4th week

Question 8

Regarding septum tranversum, when does it descend

Answer 8

6th week

Question 9

Regarding septum tranversum, where is its location

Answer 9

-caudal to the pericardial cavity

Question 10

Regarding septum tranversum, what happens after the migration

Answer 10

-the myotomes of C3, 4 and 5 will migrate to ST
-with the root of the phrenic nerve and pulls it down

Question 11

Why is the pain in the diaphragm refers to the shoulder region

Answer 11

-because the innervation of the diaphragm is the same with the dermatomes of the shoulder region
-C3,4 and 5

Question 12

The pleuroperitoneal membrane will grow ______ from the body wall

Answer 12

-medially

Question 13

What is the fate after the growing of the pleuroperitoneal membrane

Answer 13

-it will encroach the pleuroperitoneal cavity
-it will fuse anteriorly and posteriorly

Question 14

What is the structure does the pleuroperitoneal membrane fused anteriorly

Answer 14

-septum tranversum

Question 15

What is the structure does the pleuroperitoneal membrane fused posteriorly

Answer 15

-dorsal esophageal mesentry

Question 16

what are the congenital anomalies of the diaphragm

Answer 16

-congenital diaphragmatic hernia
-esophageal hiatal hernia
-retrostenal hernia
-eventration of the diaphragm

Question 17

Definition of diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 17

-herniation of the abdominal content into the thoracic cavity

Question 18

The cause of diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 18

-the failure of the pleuroperitoneal membrane to develop properly

Question 19

The fate of diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 19

-pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 20

The definition of esophageal hiatal hernia

Answer 20

-it is a herniation of the stomach into the thoracic cavity

Question 21

The cause of esophageal hiatal hernia

Answer 21

-abnormal large esophageal hernia
-due to incompetence of the cardiac sphincter

Question 22

The definition of eventration of diaphragm

Answer 22

-it is a muscular defect of the diaphragm

Question 23

The cause of eventration of diaphragm

Answer 23

-the failure of the body wall to extend to thé pleuroperitoneal membrane

Question 24

The fate of eventration of diaphragm

Answer 24

-dome will be pushed against the lungs

Question 25

The definition of retrostenal hernia

Answer 25

-it is the herniation between the sternal and costal part of diaphragm

Question 26

What happens during the 4th week

Answer 26

-the formation of the respiratory diverticulum

Question 27

Where is the location of the respiratory diverticulum

Answer 27

-it is ventral to the foregut

Question 28

What is the structure that separate the respiratory diverticulum with the foregut

Answer 28

-tracheoesophageal septum

Question 29

The foregut is divided into two. What are the divisions and the structure arises from it

Answer 29

-ventrally: respiratory primodium -dorsally: esophagus

Question 30

What forms the mucosa of the trachea

Answer 30

-lower part of respiratory diverticulum -endoderm

Question 31

What forms the connective tissue of the trachea

Answer 31

-mesoderm

Question 32

What will happen to the distal part of the respiratory diverticulum

Answer 32

-enlarge to form the lung bud

Question 33

What will happen to the lung bud

Answer 33

-bifurcation to form the bronchial bud

Question 34

When is the formation of lung

Answer 34

-25th to 28th weeks

Question 35

What structures that already exist during 25th to 28th weeks

Answer 35

-pneumocytes type I and II

Question 36

What happens to the premature babies that are given birth in 25th to 28th weeks

Answer 36

-survive -with intensive care

Question 37

What does the primodium lung invaginate

Answer 37

-primary pleural cavity medially

Question 38

What forms the visceral pleura

Answer 38

-visceral pleura

Question 39

What forms the parietal pleura

Answer 39

-somatic pleura

Question 40

When is the formation alveolar

Answer 40

-the last 3 months before pregnancy until 8 years

Question 41

What is the cause of pulmonary agenesis

Answer 41

-failure formation of the bronchial buds

Question 42

What is the cause of pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 42

-poorly bronchial tree -abnormal histology

Question 43

What is the cause of accessory lobules

Answer 43

-due to the abnormal branching of the bronchial

Question 44

What associates with the trachea stenosis

Answer 44

-fistula

Question 45

What is the cause of congenital bronchial cyst

Answer 45

-due to the overdilation of the weak bronchi

Question 46

What is the cause of congenital neonatal emphysema

Answer 46

-due to the failure formation of bronchial cartilage

Question 47

What is the cause of the tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 47

-malformation of the tracheoesophageal septum

Question 48

Where is the most common location of the tracheoesophageal fistula to occur

Answer 48

-between the esophagus and the distal 3rd of the trachea

Question 49

What associates with the tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 49

- esophageal atrasia with polyamnions - regurgitation of milk - gurgling and cyanosis after feeding - abdominal distension after crying - reflux to lungs leads to pneumonitis ERGAR