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MSCT > Lower Limb II > Flashcards

Lower Limb II Flashcards

1
Q

Compartments of the leg

A

Anterior, lateral, posterior

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2
Q

General motions of the leg muscles

A

Plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion (supination) and eversion (pronation) of the foot, extension and flexion of the toes

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3
Q

Anterior compartment innervation

A

Deep fibular nerve

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4
Q

Anterior compartment bloody supply

A

Anterior tibial artery

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5
Q

Anterior compartment movements

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot, extension of toes

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6
Q

Anterior compartment muscles

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularus tertius

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7
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Dorsiflexes and inverts foot

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8
Q

Extensor hallicus longus

A

Dorsiflexes foot and extends the great toe

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9
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

Dorsiflexes foot and extends lateral four toes

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10
Q

Fibularus tertius

A

Dorsiflexes foot

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11
Q

Lateral compartment innervation

A

Superficial fibular nerve

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12
Q

Lateral compartment blood supply

A

Fibular artery

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13
Q

Lateral compartment movements

A

Eversion and plantar flexion of foot

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14
Q

Lateral compartment muscles

A

Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

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15
Q

Fibularis longus

A

Plantar flexion and eversion of foot

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16
Q

Fibularis brevis

A

Eversion of foot

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17
Q

Posterior compartment innervation

A

Tibial nerve

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18
Q

Posterior compartment blood supply

A

Posterior tibial artery

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19
Q

Posterior compartment movements

A

Plantar flexion and inversion of foot, flexion of toes

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20
Q

Posterior compartment muscles

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus, popliteus

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21
Q

Posterior compartment superficial muscles

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

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22
Q

Posterior compartment deep muscles

A

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus

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23
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of knee

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24
Q

Soleus

A

Plantar flexion of foot

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25
Q

Plantaris

A

Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of knee

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26
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

Plantar flexion and inversion of foot

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27
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Flexion of lateral four toes and inversion of foot

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28
Q

Flexor hallicus longus

A

Flexion of great toe and inversion of foot

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29
Q

Popliteus

A

Stabilizes and unlocks knee joint by rotating femur laterally from fixed tibia

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30
Q

Lumbar plexus spinal nerves

A

Anterior rami of L1-L4 spinal nerves

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31
Q

Sacral plexus spinal nerves

A

Anterior rami of L4-S5 spinal nerves

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32
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

Lumbar and sacral plexus collectively, supply sensory and motor innervation to lower limb

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33
Q

Femoral nerve motor and sensory branches

A

Has motor branches to the anterior compartment muscles and the pectineus, has two sensory branches, the anterior cutaneous nerve to the thigh and saphenous nerve to the medial leg and malleolus

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34
Q

Obturator nerve motor and sensory branches

A

Has motor branches to the medial compartment of the thigh and adductor magnus, has a cutaneous branch to the skin above the medial side of the knee

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35
Q

Sciatic nerve divisions

A

Tibial and common fibular nerves proximal to the popliteal fossa

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36
Q

Common fibular nerve divisions

A

Superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve

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37
Q

Superficial fibular nerve innervation

A

Lateral compartment of the leg and overlying skin of leg and foot

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38
Q

Deep fibular nerve innervation

A

Anterior compartment of the leg and overlying skin of leg and between the great and 2nd toe

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39
Q

Tibial nerve innervation

A

Posterior compartment of the leg and sensory to overlying skin and plantar surface of the foot and 5th toe

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40
Q

Four major routes nerves and vessels use to get into the lower limb

A

Obturator canal, greater sciatic foramen, lesser sciatic foramen, inferior to inguinal ligament

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41
Q

Obturator canal route

A

Through the obturator foramen, passing inferior to the superior pubic ramus

42
Q

Obturator canal nerve

A

Obturator nerve

43
Q

Greater sciatic foramen route

A

Above the piriformis between the gluteus medius and minimus or below the piriformis muscle

44
Q

Greater sciatic foramen nerves

A

Sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, pudendal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, nerves to obturator interns and quadratus femoris (all below piriformis), superior gluteal nerve (above piriformis)

45
Q

Lesser sciatic forament route

A

From gluteal region into perineum

46
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen nerve

A

Pudendal nerve

47
Q

Inferior to inguinal ligament route

A

Below the inguinal ligament into lower limb

48
Q

Inferior to inguinal ligament nerves

A

Femoral nerve, femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

49
Q

Obturator nerve sensory endpoint

A

Medial thigh above knee

50
Q

Femoral nerve sensory endpoint

A

Medial malleolus

51
Q

Tibial nerve sensory endpoint

A

Lateral malleolus (sural nerve)

52
Q

Superficial fibular nerve sensory endpoint

A

Dorsum of the foot

53
Q

Deep fibular nerve sensory endpoint

A

Between the first two toes

54
Q

Deep fibular nerve spinal nerves

A

L4-S2

55
Q

Deep fibular nerve common entrapment regions

A

Anterior compartment syndrome, anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome at the extensor retinaculum

56
Q

Deep fibular nerve motor loss - anterior compartment syndrome

A

Drop foot - inability to dorsiflex the foot, patient uses high stoppage gait to walk

57
Q

Deep fibular nerve motor loss - anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

Weakness in toe extension

58
Q

Deep fibular nerve lesion sensory loss

A

Triangular region between the first and second toes

59
Q

Superficial fibular nerve spinal nerves

A

L4-S2

60
Q

Superficial fibular nerve common entrapment regions

A

High lesion at the head of the fibula, low lesion with a lateral ankle sprain

61
Q

Superficial fibular nerve motor loss - high lesion

A

Loss of foot eversion and/or subtler pronation and ankle stability

62
Q

Superficial fibular nerve motor loss - low lesion

A

None

63
Q

Superficial fibular nerve lesion sensory loss

A

Lateral leg, lateral malleolus and dorsum of foot

64
Q

Tibial nerve spinal nerves

A

L4-S3

65
Q

Tibial nerve common entrapment regions

A

Popliteal region from knee trauma such as dislocation or a blow, tarsal tunnel entrapment at the medial malleolus

66
Q

Tibial nerve motor loss - knee trauma

A

Unable to plantar flex or invert/supinate the foot, effects gait, loss of toe flexion, abduction and adduction, patient will not push off

67
Q

Tibial nerve motor loss - tarsal tunnel

A

Loss of intrinsic foot function

68
Q

Tibial nerve sensory loss - knee trauma

A

Loss of sensation on the posterolateral aspect of the lower one third of the leg, lateral malleolus, and lateral border of the foot, heel and sole of the foot and toes

69
Q

Tibial nerve sensory loss - tarsal tunnel

A

Loss of sensations on the anterior sole of the foot and plantar surface of the toes

70
Q

Femoral nerve spinal nerves

A

L2-L4

71
Q

Femoral nerve common entrapment region

A

Anterior dislocation of the femur from trauma or injury from pelvic or hip surgery, abdominal or hernia repair

72
Q

Femoral nerve lesion motor loss

A

Inability to flex the thigh or extend the knee - patient will lock their knee into extension

73
Q

Femoral nerve lesion sensory loss

A

Medial side of leg, medial malleolus (saphenous nerve) or medial knee (medial cutaneous nerve)

74
Q

Obturator nerve spinal nerves

A

L2-L4

75
Q

Obturator nerve common entrapment region

A

Compression in the obturator tunnel from pelvic fracture or injury, pregnancy, tumors

76
Q

Obturator nerve lesion motor loss

A

Inability to adduct the hip and weakness of knee flexion (gracilis) and external hip rotation (obturator externus) which creates difficulty with the gait exhibiting an externally rotated foot

77
Q

Obturator nerve lesion sensory loss

A

Medial patch of skin just above the knee, may also complain of groin or pubic symphysis pain

78
Q

Major artery supplying lower limb

A

Femoral artery

79
Q

Femoral artery path

A

Continuation of the external iliac artery when it passes under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle

80
Q

Femoral triangle borders

A

Superior - inguinal ligament
Medial - medial border of adductor longus
Lateral - medial border of the sartorius

81
Q

Vessels in the femoral triangle

A

Femoral nerve, artery, vein, and lymphatics

82
Q

Femoral sheath

A

Fascia enclosing the femoral nerve, artery, vein and lymphatics in the femoral triangle

83
Q

Femoral pulse

A

Can be palpated in the femoral triangle inferior to the inguinal ligament and midway between the anterior superior iliac spin and the pubic symphysis

84
Q

Branches of the internal iliac artery in the pelvis

A

Superior gluteal artery, inferior gluteal artery (both to gluteal region), obturator artery (to medial compartment of thigh)

85
Q

Collateral circulation to the hip joint

A

Anastomoses between branches of the deep femoral (medial and lateral femoral circumflex and 1st perforating branch), branches of the obturator artery, and branches of the superior and inferior gluteal arteries

86
Q

Common cause of avascular necrosis of the femoral neck and head

A

Insufficiency of the medial femoral circumflex artery

87
Q

Collateral circulation to the knee joint

A

Anastomoses of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral (from deep femoral), descending genicular branch of the femoral artery (branch before femoral artery enters the adductor canal), genicular branches from the popliteal artery, the circumflex fibular artery and recurrent branches from the anterior tibial artery

88
Q

Compartment syndrome definition

A

Fascia lata do not expand, swelling in a compartment leads to increased pressure, compressing muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

89
Q

Compartment syndrome causes - acute

A

Trauma such as a car accident, crush injury, or surgery

90
Q

Compartment syndrome causes - chronic

A

Repetitive activities such as running, pressure increases during activity

91
Q

Compartment syndrome common locations

A

Leg and forearm

92
Q

Compartment syndrome treatment

A

Fasciotomy (cutting the skin and fascia) to relieve pressure

93
Q

Ankle joint articulations

A

Between the talus, tibia, and fibula

94
Q

Ankle joint movements

A

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot on the leg

95
Q

Ankle joint ligaments

A

Medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

96
Q

Lateral ligament components

A

Posterior talofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament

97
Q

Most commonly sprained ligaments

A

Lateral ligament, specifically the anterior talofibular ligament

98
Q

Lateral ligament sprain cause

A

Foot inversion

99
Q

Medial (deltoid) ligament components

A

Tibionavicular part, tibiocalcaneal part, posterior tibiotalar part, anterior tibiotalar part

100
Q

Medial ligament sprain cause

A

Foot eversion

MSCT (28 decks)

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