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MSCT > Histology of Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Histology of Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Elongated, multi-uncleared cells grouped into bundles surrounded by CT sheaths and extend from their proximal site of origin to their distal attachment

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2
Q

Epimysium

A

AKA deep fascia, dense CT surrounding the entire muscle

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3
Q

Perimysium

A

CT that surrounds a group of fibers, forms fascicles, coveys large blood vessels and nerves into the muscle

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4
Q

Endomysium

A

Delicate CT surrounding individual muscle fibers

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5
Q

Type I muscle fibers

A

AKA slow twitch/red, more efficient over long periods of time, used for postural maintenance or endurance exercise, ATP generated by ox phos, high levels of myoglobin, speed of contraction low and large motor units

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6
Q

Type II muscle fibers

A

AKA fast twitch/white, better for short bursts of speed, fatigue quickly, ATP from anaerobic glycolysis, high levels of glycogen, high speed of contraction and small motor units

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle in embryo

A

Formed by the fusion of myoblasts

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8
Q

Result of the fusion of myoblasts

A

Production of a post mitotic, multinucleated myotube

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9
Q

Myotube

A

Matures into long muscle cell

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10
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle cells, contains numerous ion transport proteins and receptors, surrounded by a basal lamina

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11
Q

Transverse tubule system

A

AKA T-tubules, sarcolemma finger-like invaginations that make contact with sarcoplasmic reticulum, transmits depolarization signal deep into muscle cell

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12
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Internal membrane network, no connection to extracellular space, makes junction complexes with T-tubules, forms triads, site of intracellular calcium storage and release

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13
Q

Myofibrils

A

Occupies most of the cytoplasm, composed of thin filaments (actin) and thick filaments (myosin), surrounded by mitochondria, SR, and T-tubules

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14
Q

Desmin

A

Anchored to inside of sarcolemma, extend from one myofibril to another, helps organize the cytoplasm to facilitate the coordinated contraction of myofibrils

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15
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Repeating contractile elements of myofibrils, contain Z-lines, I-band, A-band, H-band, M-line

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16
Q

Z-lines

A

Define boundaries of each sarcomere, contains the actin binding proteins, alpha actin

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17
Q

I-band

A

Composed exclusively of actin thin filaments, width decreases during contraction

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18
Q

A-band

A

Composed of overlapping thick and thin filaments, width remains constant during contraction

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19
Q

H-band

A

Central region of the A-band which contains only thick filaments, width decreases during contraction

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20
Q

M-line

A

Middle of the H-band, overlapping tails of thick filaments

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21
Q

Thin filament composition

A

G-actin monomers that bind to make F-actin filament, tropomyosin, the troponin complex (I, T, and C), nebulin

22
Q

G-actin monomers

A

Bind each other to form double-stranded and twisted F-actin, displays binding site for myosin

23
Q

F-actin

A

Many regularly spaced myosin binding sites, complexes with tropomyosin and troponin complex

24
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Two polypeptides twisted around each other running in the groove formed by the F-actin filaments, binds troponin-T of troponin complex

25
Q

Troponin complex components

A

Troponin-I, troponin-T, troponin-C

26
Q

Troponin-T

A

Bound by tropomyosin

27
Q

Troponin-I

A

Inhibits the binding of myosin to actin

28
Q

Troponin-C

A

Binds calcium ions

29
Q

Nebulin

A

Extends from the Z-line along the length of the thin filament to stabilize

30
Q

Thick filament composition

A

Myosin with two identical heavy chains and two pairs of light chains

31
Q

Myosin heavy chain

A

Consists of globular head, binding site for actin and an ATPase domain, long alpha-helical coiled tail, enables several myosin molecules to self-assemble into a filament, hinge region separates head and tail

32
Q

Myosin light chains

A

Play role in regulating activity of myosin head

33
Q

Titin

A

Large protein extending from Z-line to center of sarcomere, functions to control assembly of the thick filament and provide elasticity fo the sarcomere

34
Q

Sliding filament model of muscle contraction

A

Sliding of thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere during contraction, length of filaments does not change, rather thick and thin filaments slide past one another’s causing the Z-lines to move closer together, decreasing the width of the H- and I-bands

35
Q

Cross-bridge cycle

A

ATP binds myosin head, causes dissociation from actin thin filament, ATP hydrolyzed by myosin head ATPase, myosin conformational change, movement at the hinge to increase angle between head and tail, head lined up with new myosin binding site, attaches to the thin filament, causes release of Pi and conformational change in myosin, movement in hinge so angle between head and tail decreases, causes sliding of the thin filament toward center or sarcomere, ADP released

36
Q

Calcium and muscle contraction

A

Depolarization spreads from sarcolemma to T-tubules, transporting the signal to interior of muscle cell, sensed by L-type calcium channels in T-tubule membrane in SR, calcium stored in SR released into cytoplasm of muscle fiber, calcium binds troponin-C, conformational change to troponin complex, altering conformation of tropomyosin, uncovering of myosin binding sites on actin, calcium depended they ATPase mediates the return of calcium to the SR when relaxed

37
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers

A

Inner gated by an axon of a motor neuron

38
Q

Motor end plate

A

AKA neuromuscular junction, where the axon interacts with the muscle fiber

39
Q

Release of acetylcholine

A

From synaptic vesicles in motor neurons, begins contraction

40
Q

Acetylcholine binding

A

Binds receptor on muscle sarcolemma, depolarization of cell membrane, action potential spreads to T-tubules, which transmit the signal to interior of muscle cell to cause release of calcium ions from SR

41
Q

Acetylcholine activity eliminated

A

Through the action of acetylcholinersterase (present in basal lamina of synaptic cleft)

42
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor axon and all of the muscle fibers it innervates, can be small or large

43
Q

Small motor units

A

Have fewer muscle cells innervated per axon, found in muscles requiring fine motor control

44
Q

Large motor unit

A

Can have several hundred muscle fibers per axon, found in large muscles for gross/powerful movements

45
Q

Muscle fiber change

A

If the inner sting motor neuron changes from one type to another following nerve injury or changes in signal it produces

46
Q

Following denervation

A

Myofibers undergo atrophy, flattened and angulated

47
Q

Reinnervation

A

Restoration of fiber size and strength, but dennervated myofiber may be made a part of a different motor unit and switches fiber type

48
Q

Fiber type grouping

A

Ongoing atonal or neuronal damage or drop out that leads to residual motor axons to innervate increasingly large numbers of myofibers, leads to enlargement of motor units, compromised of single type of muscle fiber, susceptible to group atrophy

49
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Sensory organs in skeletal muscle, tendons and joints

50
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Found in all human skeletal muscle, consist of intramural muscle fibers and affront nerve endings

51
Q

Muscle stretching

A

Stretches the enclosed spindle, stimulates nerve ending to stimulate the appropriate motor neurons to control stretched muscles, signals for the antagonistic muscle to relax at the same time

52
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Bare sensory nerve ending in tendons to inhibit muscle contraction when it senses excess tension places on the tendon by a muscle, causes contraction of the antagonistic muscle group at the same time

MSCT (28 decks)

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