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MSCT > Lower Limb I > Flashcards

Lower Limb I Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the lower limb

A

Support body weight and move it

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2
Q

Regions of the lower limb

A

Gluteal, anterior and posterior thigh, leg, foot

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3
Q

Gluteal region

A

Posterolateral, between iliac crest and gluteal fold

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4
Q

Bones of the gluteal region

A

Two pelvic bones

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5
Q

Pelvic bone formation

A

Formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis

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6
Q

Anterior thigh region

A

Between inguinal ligament and knee joint

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7
Q

Posterior thigh region

A

Between gluteal fold and knee

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8
Q

Bone of the thigh

A

Femur

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9
Q

Leg region

A

Between the knee and ankle joint

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10
Q

Bones of the leg

A

Tibia and fibula

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11
Q

Foot region

A

Distal to ankle joint

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12
Q

Bones of the foot

A

Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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13
Q

Center of gravity

A

Vertical line anterior to the S2 vertebra, posterior to the hip joints, anterior to ankle and knee joints, directly above feet

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14
Q

Movements at the hip joint

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction

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15
Q

Abduction of the hip

A

Can be abduction of the femur on a fixed pelvis or abduction of the pelvis on a fixed femur, ultimately angle between pelvis and femur decreases

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16
Q

Movements of the knee

A

Flexion and extension

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17
Q

Movements of the ankle

A

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

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18
Q

Acetabular labrum

A

Fibrocatilaginous collar on the rim of the acetabulum, prevents femoral head from moving inferior

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19
Q

Acetabular labrum tear clinical presentation

A

Pain in hip when bearing weight, flexion and internal rotation, painful audible clicking, transient locking, giving away of hip

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20
Q

Ligament of the head of the femur attachments

A

Head of femur to acetabular fossa

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21
Q

Ligament of the head of the femur blood supply

A

Obturator artery (also supplies femoral head)

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22
Q

Fibrous capsule of hip

A

Surrounds synovial membrane to hold femoral neck in the acetabulum

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23
Q

Three ligaments around fibrous capsule

A

Iliofemerol, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

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24
Q

Iliofemoral ligament

A

Anterior to hip joint

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25
Q

Pubofemoral ligament

A

Anteroinferior to hip joint

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26
Q

Ischiofemoral ligament

A

Posteroinferior to hip joint

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27
Q

Weight-bearing articulation in knee

A

Between femur and tibia

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28
Q

Quadricep pulling articulation in knee

A

Between patella and femur

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29
Q

Lateral and medial menisci function

A

Cushion knee joint, accommodate changes in the shape of the articular surface during movement

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30
Q

Synovial membrane of knee joint attachment

A

Attaches the margins of the articular surfaces and menisci

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31
Q

Pouches formed by synovial membrane and role

A

Suprapatellar bursa and subpopliteal recess, provide low-friction movement for tendons

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32
Q

Fibrous capsule of knee

A

Encloses articular cavity and is formed and reinforced partly by muscle tendons

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33
Q

Patella ligament

A

Continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon, connects patella to tibia

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34
Q

Medial collateral ligament

A

Stabilizes hinge motion of knee, attaches to the medial meniscus

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35
Q

Lateral collateral ligament

A

Stabilizes hinge motion of knee

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36
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A

Anterior and posterior, cross in the intercondylar region of knee and connect tibia and femur

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37
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament function

A

Keeps the tibia from moving anteriorly on fixed femur

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38
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament attachment

A

Lateral femoral condyle to anterior tibia

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39
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament function

A

Keeps the tibia from moving posteriorly on fixed femur

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40
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament attachment

A

Medial femoral condyle to posterior tibia

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41
Q

Unhappy triad of O’Donahue

A

Tear in ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus, caused by lateral force applied to planted leg, snap is audible and immediately painful and swollen

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42
Q

Gluteal region movements

A

Abduction, extension, lateral rotation of the femur relative to the pelvis

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43
Q

Deep muscles of the gluteal region role

A

Lateral rotation of the femur at the hip joint

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44
Q

Deep muscles of the gluteal region names

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, the gemelli, and quadratus femoris

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45
Q

Superficial muscles of the gluteal region role

A

Abduct and extend the hip, stabilize the knee in extension

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46
Q

Superficial muscles of the gluteal region names

A

Gluteus minimus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae

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47
Q

Gluteus minimus and gluteus medius role

A

Abduction of the hip

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48
Q

Gluteus maximus role

A

Extension of the hip

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49
Q

Tensor fasciae latae muscle role

A

Stabilizes knee in extension by acting on the iliotibial tract

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50
Q

Iliotibial tract

A

Band of deep fascia passing down the lateral side of the thigh to attach to the proximal end of the tibia

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51
Q

Location of nerves in gluteal region

A

Enter through greater sciatic foramen of pelvis in the plane between superficial and deep muscles, superior gluteal nerve passes superior to piriformis, all others pass inferior

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52
Q

Superior gluteal nerve spinal nerves

A

L4, L5, S1

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53
Q

Superior gluteal nerve innervation

A

Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae

54
Q

Nerve to quadratus femoris spinal nerves

A

L5, S1

55
Q

Nerve to quadratus femoris innervation

A

Quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior

56
Q

Nerve to obturator internus spinal nerves

A

L5, S1

57
Q

Nerve to obturator internus innervation

A

Gemellus superior, passes through lesser sciatic foramen to obturator internus

58
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh spinal nerves

A

S1-S3

59
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervations

A

Skin of the gluteal region, posterior thigh, posterior leg

60
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve spinal nerves

A

L5, S1, S2

61
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve innervation

A

Gluteus maximus

62
Q

Piriformis muscle innervation

A

Branches of S1 and S2 spinal nerves

63
Q

Pudendal nerve spinal nerves

A

S2-S4

64
Q

Pudendal nerve innervations

A

Muscles of the perineum and skin of the genitals

65
Q

Trendelenburg sign/gait cause

A

Injury to the superior gluteal nerve, which innervates the hip abductors, gluteus minimus and medius

66
Q

Trendelenburg sign

A

Patient standing on affected limb, pelvis drops over swing limb and abduction of the pelvis on the fixed femur does not occur

67
Q

Trendelenburg gait

A

Patient compensates by lurching the trunk to the affected side to maintain the level of the pelvis during gait

68
Q

Blood supply to the gluteal region

A

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

69
Q

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries origin

A

Internal iliac artery, a terminal branch from the aorta

70
Q

Three compartments of the thigh

A

Anterior, medial, posterior

71
Q

Anterior compartment blood and nerve supply

A

Fermoral nerve, branches of the femoral artery

72
Q

Anterior compartment muscles main function

A

Extension of the leg at the knee

73
Q

Anterior compartment muscles names

A

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius), sartorius, psoas major, iliacus

74
Q

Muscles of quadriceps femoris

A

Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius

75
Q

Rectus femoris movement

A

Flexes thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg

76
Q

Vastus lateralis movement

A

Extension of the leg

77
Q

Vastus medialis movement

A

Extension of the leg

78
Q

Vastus intermedius movement

A

Extension of the leg

79
Q

Sartorius movement

A

Flexes the thigh and flexes leg

80
Q

Psoas major movement

A

Flexion of the thigh

81
Q

Iliacus movement

A

Flexion of the thigh

82
Q

Psoas major and iliacus origin

A

Posterior abdominal wall into the upper part of the anterior compartment

83
Q

Medial compartment nerve and blood supply

A

Obturator nerve, branches of the deep femoral artery and obturator artery

84
Q

Medial compartment main function

A

Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint

85
Q

Medial compartment muscles names

A

Gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus

86
Q

Gracilis movement

A

Adduction of thigh

87
Q

Pectineus movement

A

Adduction of thigh

88
Q

Adductor longus movement

A

Adduction and medial rotation of thigh

89
Q

Adductor brevis movement

A

Adduction and medial rotation of thigh

90
Q

Adductor magnus movement

A

Adduction and medial rotation of thigh

91
Q

Obturator externus movement

A

Lateral rotation of thigh

92
Q

Posterior compartment nerve and blood supply

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (common fibular division of sciatic nerve to short head of biceps femoris), perforating branches of deep femoral artery

93
Q

Posterior compartment main function

A

Flexion of leg at the knee joint, extension of thigh at hip joint, and rotation of both

94
Q

Posterior compartment muscles names

A

The hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimbranosus)

95
Q

Muscles of the hamstrings

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimbranosus

96
Q

Hamstring muscle that does not cross at both the hip and knee joints

A

Short head of the biceps femoris

97
Q

Per anserinus

A

AKA goose’s foot, common insertion of the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendious on the proximal tibia

98
Q

Femoral artery location

A

Continuation of external iliac artery, starts as the external iliac artery passes under inguinal ligament and into the anterior aspect of the upper thigh

99
Q

Femoral artery major branch

A

Deep artery of the thigh (AKA profunda femoris)

100
Q

Deep artery of the thigh function

A

Major blood supply to the thigh

101
Q

Deep artery of the thigh branches

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, perforating branches

102
Q

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries compartment

A

Medial compartment

103
Q

Perforating branches compartment

A

Posterior compartment

104
Q

Obturator artery location

A

Branch of the internal iliac artery

105
Q

Obturator artery branches

A

Anastomose with inferior gluteal and medial circumflex arteries, they are anterior or superficial branch, a posterior or deep branch (branches then to the head of the femur)

106
Q

Lachman test procedure

A

Patient supine, knee flexed 30 degrees, grasp and stabilize thigh, move proximal leg anteriorly

107
Q

Lachmen test structure

A

ACL

108
Q

Lachmen test positive result

A

Excessive forward motion of tibia

109
Q

Anterior drawer test procedure

A

Patient supine, knee flexed 90 degrees, sit on dorsum of foot, place hands behind knee and move proximal leg anteriorly

110
Q

Anterior drawer test structure

A

ACL

111
Q

Anterior drawer test positive result

A

Excessive forward motion of tibia

112
Q

Posterior drawer test procedure

A

Patient supine, knee flexed 90 degrees, palms of hand push proximal leg posteriorly

113
Q

Posterior drawer test structure

A

PCL

114
Q

Posterior drawer test positive result

A

Excessive posterior motion of tibia

115
Q

Valgus stress test procedure

A

Patient supine, knee extended or flexed 30 degrees, stabilize lateral aspect of knee, push ankle laterally

116
Q

Valgus stress test structure

A

MCL

117
Q

Valgus stress test positive result

A

Significant gap in the medial joint space

118
Q

Varus stress test procedure

A

Patient supine, knee extended or flexed 30 degrees, stabilize medial aspect of knee, push ankle medially

119
Q

Varus stress test structure

A

LCL

120
Q

Varus stress test positive result

A

Significant gap in lateral joint space

121
Q

McMurray test procedure

A

Examiner passively flexes knee with rotation of tibia or foot, or have patient perform a full two-legged squat

122
Q

McMurray test structure

A

Medial and lateral menisci

123
Q

McMurray test positive result

A

Pain or popping on external (medial meniscus) or internal (lateral meniscus) rotation, joint line tenderness

124
Q

Patellar apprehension test procedure

A

Apply laterally directed force toward medial aspect of patella

125
Q

Patellar apprehension test structure

A

Patellofemoral pathology

126
Q

Patellar apprehension test positive result

A

Apprehension by patient due to pain or fear that patella will dislocate

127
Q

Patellofemoral grind test procedure

A

Apply downward and inferior pressure on patella while patient contracts quadriceps on extended knee

128
Q

Patellofemoral grind test structure

A

Patellofemoral pathology

129
Q

Patellofemoral grind test positive result

A

Pain with movement or unable to complete test

130
Q

Valgus and varus refer to…

A

Angulation within shaft of a bone or at a joint in reference to the most proximal part of a bone or joint

131
Q

Valgus

A

When the distal part is more lateral

132
Q

Varus

A

When the distal part is more medial

MSCT (28 decks)

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