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MSCT > Anatomy: Back and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Anatomy: Back and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Back components

A

Made up of the vertebral column, the spinal cord, spinal nerves, the overlaying muscles, skin

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2
Q

Vertebral column function

A

Encloses and supports spinal cord, supports head and trunk, an attachment for the limbs and transfers weight of the body to the lower limbs

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3
Q

Vertebral column components

A

33 vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs,

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4
Q

Regions of the vertebrae

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, 3-5 fused coccygeal

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5
Q

Curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Cervical curvature (lordotic), thoracic curvature (kyphotic), lumbar curvature (lordotic), sacral/coccygeal curvature (kyphotic)

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6
Q

Kyphotic curvatures

A

Concave anteriorly, thoracic and sacral, primary curvatures present in the fetus

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7
Q

Lordotic curvatures

A

Concave posteriorly, cervical and lumbar, secondary curvatures that develop postnatally

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8
Q

Kyphosis

A

AKA hunchback, excess forward thoracic curvature, congenital or posture related, due to collapse of vertebral bodies

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9
Q

Lordosis

A

AKA swayback, excess inward lumbar curvature, temporary during pregnancy or caused by pathology or excessive weight

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10
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine, congenital or pathologic (from cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy)

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11
Q

Four movements of the back

A

Extension, flexion, lateral flexion, rotation

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12
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the back

A

Move the upper limbs and ribs

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13
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back

A

Maintain posture and move the vertebral column

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14
Q

Vertebral components

A

Vertebral body, vertebral arch, processes for muscle attachment and articulation with bones

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15
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Formed by paired pedicles attached to the vertebral body and paired laminae joined to form the spinous process

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16
Q

Transverse processes

A

Project laterally from the vertebral arch

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17
Q

Superior and inferior articular processes

A

Articulate with vertebrae above and below

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18
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Encircled by the vertebral body and arch

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19
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by the vertebral formina to protect the spinal cord

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20
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit?

A

From the intervertebral foramina between adjacent vertebral arches

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21
Q

Intervertebral joints

A

Between intervertebral disks and articular surfaces of vertebral bodies, symphyses, cartilaginous joints that are only slightly mobile

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22
Q

Zygapophyseal joints

A

AKA facet joints, between superior and inferior articular processes, synovial joints, contain fluid, allow for movement, prone to arthritis

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23
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Have annulus fibrosis surrounding the nucleus pulposus

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24
Q

Herniated disc

A

Degeneration of the annulus fibrosis leads to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, can impinge on spinal cord or spinal nerves

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25
Q

Joints of the vertebral column

A

Intervertebral joints and zygapophyseal (facet) joints

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26
Q

Ligaments of the vertebral column

A

Supraspinous, interspinous, posterior longitudinal, anterior longitudinal, ligamentum flavum, nuchal

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27
Q

Supraspinous ligaments

A

Attach the spines of adjacent vertebrae to each other

28
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

Attach the spines of adjacent vertebrae to each other

29
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

Continuation of supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, attach to the external occipital protuberance of the skull, limits cervical spine flexion

30
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Present on the inner aspect of the vertebral arch

31
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

On the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, limits vertebral column hyperflexion

32
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Runs along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies, limits vertebral column hyperextension

33
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

Zygapophysial joint hypertrophy, ligamentum flava hypertrophy, and mild disc protrusion that reduce the dimensions of the vertebral canal

34
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Cone-shaped end of the spinal cord, at the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2

35
Q

Filum terminale

A

Inferior continuation from the apex of the conus medullaris

36
Q

Swellings of the spinal cord

A

Cervical enlargement and lumbosacral enlargement, associated with spinal nerves that innervate the upper and lower limbs

37
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

C5-T1 spinal nerves, innervate the upper limbs

38
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement

A

L1-S3 spinal nerves, innervate the lower limbs

39
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 total: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

40
Q

Cauda equina

A

Loose collection of ventral and dorsal roots located inferior to the conus medullaris, formed by the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves

41
Q

Meninges of the spinal cord

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

42
Q

Pia mater

A

Lies directly on the spinal cord, forms strong pointed denticulate ligaments on either side of the spinal cord that work to secure the spinal cord to the dura mater

43
Q

Epidural space

A

Superficial to the dura mater

44
Q

Subdural space

A

Deep to the dura mater

45
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Deep to the arachnoid mater and contains cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

CSF samples taken by putting a needle between L3/L4 or L4/L5 (has to be bellow the conus medullaris) and between the spinous processes. It then goes through the extradural space, the dura mater, the arachnoid mater into the subarachnoid space

47
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

Subarachnoid space where CSF is often sampled from

48
Q

Spinal block

A

Following lumbar puncture, anesthetic can be directly injected into the CSF

49
Q

Epidural

A

Anesthesia from a catheter in the epidural space or a needle through the sacral hiatus

50
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Associated with the 31 spinal cord segments, part of PNS, innervates specific areas of the skin (sensory) and muscles of the head, trunk and limbs (motor)

51
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers

52
Q

Sensory nerve fibers

A

AKA afferent nerves, carry info towards the CNS

53
Q

Motor nerve fibers

A

AKA efferent nerves, carry info away from CNS

54
Q

Somatic nerves

A

Innervation of the muscles and overlying skin of the body

55
Q

How spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord

A

Posterior and anterior roots

56
Q

Posterior root

A

AKA dorsal root, contains the processes of sensory neurons carrying info to the CNS

57
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

AKA spinal root ganglion, at the distal end of the posterior root, usually in the intervertebral foramen, contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

58
Q

Posterior horn

A

AKA dorsal horn, in the posterior regions of the gray matter of the spinal cord, where sensory neurons synapse with DRG neurons

59
Q

Anterior root

A

AKA ventral root, contains motor nerve fibers that carry signals away from CNS

60
Q

Anterior horn

A

AKA ventral horn, in the anterior region of the gray matter of the spinal cord, contains cell bodies of primary motor neurons

61
Q

Posterior ramus

A

Innervates only intrinsic muscles of the back and some skin on the back, contain mixed sensory and motor nerve fibers

62
Q

Anterior ramus

A

Innervates most other skeletal muscles and most remaining areas of the skin, contain mixed sensory and motor nerve fibers

63
Q

Spinal nerves that pass superior to their associated vertebrae

A

C1-C7

64
Q

Spinal nerves that pass inferior to their associated vertebrae

A

C8 and below

65
Q

Dermatone

A

Area of skin innervated by one spinal cord level, or on one side by a single spinal nerve

66
Q

Myotome

A

Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord level

MSCT (28 decks)

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