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MSCT > Histology of Connective Tissue, Cartilage, and Bone > Flashcards

Histology of Connective Tissue, Cartilage, and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue components

A

Cells, fibers, ECM

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2
Q

Extracellular matrix components

A

AKA ground substance, collagens, noncollagenous glycoproteins, proteoglycans

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3
Q

Connective tissue resident cell

A

Fibroblast

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4
Q

Fibroblast function

A

Production and maintenance of the ECM

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5
Q

Connective tissue immigrant cells

A

Macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells

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6
Q

Connective tissue roles

A

Immune and inflammatory responses, tissue repair after injury

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7
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose CT, Dense CT

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8
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular, dense irregular

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9
Q

Types of specialized connective tissue

A

Hematopoietic tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone

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10
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Contains more cells than collagen fibers, found surrounding blood vessels, nerves, muscles

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11
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Contains more collagen fibers than cells, can be regular or irregular, poorly vascularized

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12
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers are preferentially oriented, found in tendons, ligaments, cornea

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13
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers are randomly oriented, found in the dermis of the skin and walls of the intestine

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14
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

AKA GAGs, long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units, highly negatively charged, associate with larger amounts of water to make hydrated gels

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15
Q

Examples of GAGs

A

Hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondriotin sulfate, herparin, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate

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16
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Composed of a protein core to which at least one glycosaminoglycan is covalently bound, highly negatively charged and help to organize and stabilize the matrix through interactions with other molecules, can also create a barrier to the passage of positively charged molecules into the basal lamina of epithelial cells

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17
Q

Examples of proteoglycans

A

Decorin, aggrecan

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18
Q

Adhesive glycoproteins

A

Help to facilitate the attachment of cells to the ECM, affect the growth, survival, morphology, differentiation and motility of cells, consist of disulfide-bonded subunits with binding sites

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19
Q

Examples of glycoproteins

A

Laminin, fibronectin

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20
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein, types I, II, III are the most abundant, form fibrils of similar structure to provide tensile strength to tissues, made up of the collagen alpha chains that associate in a right-handed triple helix (every third amino acid is glycine), these molecules then associate with each other to form collagen fibers

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21
Q

Formation of collagen by fibroblasts

A

Translation of the alpha-chain mRNA in the RER to individual alpha-chains that are modified by glycosylation and hydroxylation, alpha-chains assemble into triple helix with non-helical ends called pro-peptides, these form the soluble procollogen molecule, which is then secreted from the cell into the extracellular space and cleaved by proteases to make insoluble tropocollagen molecules that spontaneously assemble into collagen fibrils, these then associate with each other to form collagen fibers and are crosslinked by lysyl oxidase and mature collagen fibers are formed

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22
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrous

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23
Q

Cartilage

A

Consists of chrondrocytes embedded in ECM, usually surrounded by perichondrium, avascular, nutrition through the ECM, modest repair capacity

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24
Q

Perichondrium

A

Contains stem cells that differentiate into chondroblasts that give rise to chondrocytes

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25
Q

Cartilage mechanisms of growth

A

Interstitial growth by division of existing chondrocytes within the cartilage, or appositional growth by the production of new chondroblasts and chondrocytes at the surface of the cartilage by stem cells from the perichondrium

26
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Avascular, poor healing capabilities, surrounded by perichondrium, contains type II collagen, proteoglycans and water, water is what provides the compressive strength of hyaline, found in skeleton of embryo, articular cartilage in joints, cartilage of respiratory tract

27
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Avascular, heals poorly, surrounded by perichondrium, contains type II collagen, proteoglycans, and elastic fibers, found in external ear and epiglottis

28
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

Avascular, heals poorly, no perichondrium, contains type I collagen, resembles dense fibrous CT, found in intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee, pubic symphysis

29
Q

Bone

A

Rigid, inflexible CT with ECM that has been mineralized by salts of calcium and phosphate, high vascularized and metabolically very active, constantly being remodeled and reshaped in response to physical stress and mineral needs of the body

30
Q

Functions of bone

A

Provide attachment sites for muscles, protect the soft tissue organs, serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions

31
Q

Organic component of bone ECM

A

Osteoid, contains type I collagen, proteoglycans, noncollagenous glycoproteins (osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin)

32
Q

Inorganic component of bone ECM

A

Bone mineral, contains hydroxyapatite, where 99% of the body’s store of calcium ions are found, contribute to the strength and rigidity of bone

33
Q

Major cell types of bone

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells

34
Q

Osteoblast

A

Derived from osteoprogenitor cells, main bone-forming cells, actively deposit osteoid along the osteoblast-bone interface, initiate and control the mineralization of the osteoid, has extensive RER

35
Q

Osteoblast proteins expressed

A

PTH receptor, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D3, IGF-1 receptor, type I collagen, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, RANKL

36
Q

Parathyroid hormone receptor

A

Stimulation of the receptor by PTH induces RANKL and mCSF expression and inhibits OPG production by osteoblast

37
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

A

Cell surface enzyme that produces high levels of phosphate ion during bone matrix synthesis, important metabolic marker of bone formation

38
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Regulates expression of osteocalcin, a protein with high bonding affinity for hydroxyapatite

39
Q

IGF-1 receptor

A

Binds IGF-1 produced by the liver and stimulates the growth of the long bone and osteoid production

40
Q

Type I collagen

A

Major component of the osteoid matrix

41
Q

Osteocalcin

A

Non-collagenous protein required for bone mineralization

42
Q

Osteopontin

A

Non-collagenous protein that mediates the interaction of osteoclasts with the bone surface

43
Q

Osteoprotegerin

A

AKA OPG, non-collagenous protein that functions as a decoy receptor for the RANKL and inhibits osteoclastogenesis

44
Q

RANKL

A

Ligand for the RANK receptor on osteoclast precursors and a receptor for OPG

45
Q

Woven bone

A

AKA primary bone, first bone matrix produced by osteoblasts, matrix contains loose, randomly oreinted collagen fibers and low amounts of hydroxyapatite

46
Q

Lamellar bone

A

AKA secondary bone, woven bone that has been remodeled, matrix contains organized sheets of collagen fibers and high amounts of hydroxyapatite

47
Q

Osteocyte

A

Flattened out and transformed osteoblasts, embedded in the mineralized bone matrix, highly branched cells with their body occupying lacunae within the layers of the bone matrix, canaliculi course through the bone matrix to interconnect neighboring lacunae and form gap junctions between adjacent cells, extracellular fluid containing nutrients diffuse through canaliculi to support osteocytes, osteocytes respond to forces on the bone and release factors to stimulate bone remodeling or turnover

48
Q

Osteoclast

A

Large, multinucleated cells, function to degrade bone matrix, derived from monocyte precursors in the bone marrow, transformation occurs by a process known as osteoclastogenesis, highly polarized when active with a shallow concavity in the bone surface, contains high levels of carbonic anhydrase II

49
Q

Osteoclastogenesis

A

Monocyte from bone marrow expresses M-CSF receptor on the surface, becomes a macrophage, M-CSF ligand from osteoblast binds receptor and induces RANK expression for its ligand RANKL that is expressed on the surface of osteoblasts, which it binds to commit the cell to osteoclastogenesis, becomes a multinucleated osteoclast precursor, can be inhibited by OPG which blocks the binding of RANKL to RANK, so osteoblasts control osteoclast differentiation, a resting osteoclast uncouples from the osteoblast and the maturation is complete when the sealing zone and ruffled border appear

50
Q

Resorption pit

A

AKA Howship’s lacuna, shallow concavity in the bone surface that associates with the active osteoclast

51
Q

Carbonic anhydrase II

A

Generates high levels of hydrogen ions from CO2 and water to create an acidic microenvironment needed to solubilize the mineralized component of bone

52
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Generated during the solubilizing of bone, exchanged for chloride ions at the apical surface of osteoclasts to prevent excessive rise in intracellular pH

53
Q

Chloride ions in Howship’s lacuna

A

Chloride ions are transported in by chloride channels at the basal surface of the cells following exchange for bicarbonate

54
Q

Cathepsin K and matrix metalloprotease 9

A

Proteases released into resorption pit to degrade the organic matrix following solubilization of the mineral components of the bone by acidification

55
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released by the thyroid gland in response to high plasma calcium levels, when bound inhibits activity of osteoclast and causes its release from the bone surface

56
Q

Cortical bone

A

AKA compact bone, osteocytes present in lacunae and the bone matrix are arranged into osteons that contain a Haversian canal surrounded by 4-10 concentric layers (lamellae) of bone matrix, canaliculi seen traversing lamellae to form connections among lacunae and central canals, blood vessels are present in the center of Haversian canals, osteons are being continuously remodeled

57
Q

Trabecular bone

A

AKA cancellous bone, contains layers of lamellae that form the bony trabeculae that project into the marrow cavity, no osteons, osteocytes are interspersed randomly throughout trabeculae and in growing bone, trabeculae usually covered with osteoblasts and osteoclasts

58
Q

Calcium homeostasis

A

Mechanisms by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels in order to prevent hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, appropriate calcium levels are important for glandular secretion, muscle contraction, and neuronal function, regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

59
Q

Hypocalcemia response

A

Parathyroid gland secretes PTH to decrease excretion and increase absorption in the kidney and gut, and activates osteoblast receptors to decrease osteoid matrix synthesis, osteoclast activating factors are released and osteoclasts differentiate to increase bone turnover and increase plasma calcium levels

60
Q

Hypercalcemia response

A

Thyroid gland secretes calcitonin and increases excretion and decreases absorption in the kidney and gut, osteoclast calcitonin receptors (CTR) are activated and osteoclast is inactivated and retracted away from the bone surface to decrease bone turnover, and plasma calcium levels are decreased

MSCT (28 decks)

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