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Anatomy > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Flexors of the hip

A

Psoas major

Iliacus

=ileopsoas

(rectus femoris)
(Sartorius)

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2
Q

Rotators of the hip

A

Piriformis

Obturator internus

Gemelli

Quadratus femoris

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3
Q

Hip abductors

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

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4
Q

Extensor of the hip

A

Gluteal maximus

semimembranosus
(semitendinosus)
(biceps femoris)

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5
Q

Compartments of the thigh

A

Three compartments

Medial (Adductor)

Anterior (Extensor)

Posterior (Flexor)

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6
Q

Muscles inserting on the lesser trochanter

A

Psoas major

Iliacus

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7
Q

Muscle inserting on the quadrate tubercle

A

Quadratus femoris

part of the intertrochanteric crest

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8
Q

Pectineal line ends…

A

Lesser trochanter

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9
Q

Gluteal tuberosity ends…

A

Greater trochanter

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10
Q

Artery of the ligamentum teres branches from

A

Obturator artery

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11
Q

Blood supply to femoral head

A

Mainly medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

Branch of profounda femoris artery

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12
Q

Ligaments of the hip joint

A

Ileofemoral ligament

  • Anterior to hip joint (triangular shaped)
  • Arising from ileum between AIIS and acetabulum
  • Attached to intertochanteric line

Pubofemoral ligament

  • Anteroinferior to the hip joint (triangular shaped)
  • Arisies ileopubic eminence and obturator membrane
  • Blends with ileofemoral ligament and fibrous membrane

Ischiofemoral ligament

  • Posterior to hip joint
  • Arises medial ischium
  • Inserts greater trochanter
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13
Q

Ileofemoral ligament

A
  • Anterior to hip joint (triangular shaped)
  • Arising from ileum between AIIS and acetabulum
  • Attached to intertochanteric line
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14
Q

Pubofemoral ligament

A
  • Anteroinferior to the hip joint (triangular shaped)
  • Arisies ileopubic eminence and obturator membrane
  • Blends with ileofemoral ligament and fibrous membrane
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15
Q

Isciofemoral ligament

A
  • Posterior to hip joint
  • Arises medial ischium
  • Inserts greater trochanter
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16
Q

Obturator canal

A

Vertically orientated passageway from pelvis to medial compartment of thigh

Borders of canal:
Superiorly obturator groove on inferior surface of superior ramus

Inferiorly by upper margin of obturator membrane (and by obturator externes and internus

Obturator nerve and vessels pass through it into medial thigh

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17
Q

Greater sciatic foramen

A

Passage between pelvis and gluteal region of lower limb

Borders:

  • Greater sciatic notch
  • Upper borders of sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
  • Lateral border of the sacrum

Piriformis passes through and separates it into superior and inferior parts
-Superior gluteal nerve passes above piriformis

Passing below:

  • Sciatic nerve
  • Inferior gluteal nerve
  • Inferior gluteal vessels
  • Pudendal nerve
  • Interregnal pudendal vessels
  • Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  • Nerve to obturator interns and gemellus superior
  • Nerve to quadrates femoris and Gemellus inferior
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18
Q

Structures passing above piriformis in greater sciatic foramen

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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19
Q

Structures passing inferiorly to piriformis out of greater sciatic foramen

A
  • Sciatic nerve
  • Inferior gluteal nerve
  • Inferior gluteal vessels
  • Pudendal nerve
  • Interregnal pudendal vessels
  • Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  • Nerve to obturator interns and gemellus superior
  • Nerve to quadrates femoris and Gemellus inferior
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20
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen

A

Connects gluteal region to perineum
-Foramen is inferior to lateral attachments of levator ani and coccygeus

Tendon of obturator internus

Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels enter perineum through lesser foramen after leaving pelvis through greater sciatic foramen

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21
Q

Structures passing under inguinal ligament

A

Psoas major

Ilacus

Pectineus

Femoral artery

Femoral vein

Femoral nerve

Lymphatics of lower limb

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22
Q

Adductors of the Hip

A

Three named ADductors

  • Adductor magnus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor longus

Pectineus

Gracillis

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23
Q

Hamstring muscles

A

Three
All arise from ischial tuberosity

Two attach medially:
Semi-membranosus
Semi-tendinosus (lies behind membranosus)

One attaches laterally:
Biceps femoris: long head arises from ischial tuberosity, short head arises from linea aspera and suprachondylar line

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24
Q

Muscles within fascia late

A

Tensor fascia lata

Gluteus maximus

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25
Q

Saphenous opening

A

Only opening in fascia lata

Allows great saphenous vein to pass deep to join with femoral vein

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26
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle

A

Base: inguinal ligament

Medial border: medial margin of adductor longus

Lateral margin: Medial margin of sartorius

Floor:
Medial floor: Pectinous and adductor longus
Lateral floor: Iliopsoas major

Apex points inferiorly as is continuous with adductor canal

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27
Q

Inferior gluteal artery

A

Arises from anterior trunk of internal iliac artery

Leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis

Descends through gluteal region into posterior thigh

  • Anastomosis with branch of femoral artery
  • Branch to sciatic nerve
  • Supplies surrounding muscles
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28
Q

Superior gluteal nerve

A

Arises from posterior trunk of internal iliac artery

Leaves pelvis with superior gluteal nerve through greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis

Divides into superficial and deep branch in gluteal region

  • Superficial branch passes onto deep surface of gluteus maximus
  • Deep branch passes between gluteus medius and minimus

Branches anastomose with medial and lateral femoral circumflex –> supply hip joint

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29
Q

Anterior compartment of the thigh

A

Sartorius

Quadriceps: rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, medlialis and lateralis

(Iliacus)

All innervated be femoral nerve

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30
Q

Medial compartment of the thigh

A

Names Adductors:
Adductor magnus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus

Obturator externus

Pectineus

Gracilis

All innervated by obtruator nerve apart from pectineus which is innervated by the femoral nerve

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31
Q

Posterior compartment of the thigh

A

Hamstrings

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

All innervated by the sciatic nerve

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32
Q

Articularis genus

A

Pulls bursa away from knee joint during extension

Arises just inferior to vastus intermedius

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33
Q

Attachment of pes anserinus

A

In order from superior –> inferior

Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus

Pes anserinus bursitis can develop

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34
Q

Which muscle is connected to the popliteal muscle?

A

Lateral meniscus

Tendon inserts within the joint capsule

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35
Q

Which meniscus is connected the to joint capsule?

A

Medial meniscus

Attached to joint capsule and tibial collateral ligament

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36
Q

Insertion of anterior cruciate

A

Lateral wall of intercondylar fossa

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37
Q

Insertion of posterior cruciate

A

Medial wall of intercindylar fossa

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38
Q

Triad of knee soft tissue injury

A

Anterior cruciate

Tibial (medial) collateral

Medial meniscus

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39
Q

Borders of the popliteal fossa

A

Lateral upper: biceps femoris

Medial upper: semimembranosus and semitendinosus

Lateral lower: gastrocnemius and plantaris

Medial lower: gastrocnemius

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40
Q

Deepest structure in the popliteal fossa

A

Popliteal artery

–> popliteal vein

–> Tibial nerve most superficial

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41
Q

Contents of the popliteal fossa

A

Popliteal artery

Popliteal vein

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

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42
Q

Structures in the roof of the popliteal fossa

A

Short saphenous vein

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

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43
Q

Superficial group of posterior leg

A

Gastrocnemius

Plantaris

Soleus

All insert on calcaneal tendon

All innervated by tibial nerve

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44
Q

Blood supply to soleus, gastrocnemius and plantaris

A

Sural arteries

Branches of popliteal artery

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45
Q

Path of popliteal artery

A

Passes into posterior compartment between gastrocnemius and popliteus

Passes under tendinous arch of soleus

Immediately divides into anterior tibial and posterior tibial

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46
Q

Branches of the posterior tibial artery

A

Circumflex fibular artery
-Passes laterally through soleus muscle and around neck of fibula to connect with anastomotic network for knee

Fibular artery
-Parallels the course of the tibial artery but descends on lateral side of posterior compartment

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47
Q

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

Fibularis (peronesu) brevis

Both evert foot

Both are innervated by the suprtifical fibular nerve which is a branch of the common fibular nerve

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48
Q

Stucture running through gap in proximal peroneus

(fibularis) longus muscle

A

Common fibular nerve

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49
Q

Path of fibularis longus muscle

A

Passes posterior to lateral malleolus in shallow bony groove

Swings froward to enter lateral side of foot

Descends obliquely down the lateral side of the foot where it curves forward under a bony tubercle (fibular trochlea)

Enters deep groove in cuboid

Attaches to inferior surface of metatarsal I and medial cuneiform

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50
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitroum longus

Peroneus tertius

All innervated by the deep fibular nerve

Dorsiflex foot, invert foot, extend toes

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51
Q

Deep fibular nerve

A

Branch of common fibular nerve

Supplies anterior compartment of leg before passing into foot

Innervates:
Anterior compartment
Anterior tibialis
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius

Foot
Extensor digitorum brevis
First two dorsal interossei
Skin web between first and second toes

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52
Q

Fracture of the neck of the talus

A

Lead to osteonecrosis of body and posterior talus

Branch of posterior tibial artery through tarsal canal

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53
Q

Four parts of the deltoid ligament

A

= MEDIAL Ligament

Tibionavicular ligament
-Tibia –> tuberosity of the navicular bone and associated calcaneonavicular ligament (spring)

Tibiocalcaneal ligament
-Tibia –> substentaculum tali of calcaneus

Anterior tibiotalar ligament

  • Deep to tibionavicular and tibiocalcaneal
  • Tibia –> medial surface of talus

Posterior tibiotalar ligament
- Tibia –> medial tuberosity and medial side of talus

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54
Q

Lateral ligaments of the ankle

A

Three separate ligaments

Anterior talofibular ligament
-Anterior margin of fibular –> adjacent talus

Posterior talofibular ligament

  • Runs horizontally backward and medially from the mallolar fossa on medial side of lateral malleous
  • -> posterior process of talus

Calcaneoifibular ligament
-Malleolar fossa –> inferiorly to tubercle on lateral calcaneus

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55
Q

Transverse tarsal joint

A

Composed of

Talocalcaneonavicular joint

AND

Calcaneocuboid joint

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56
Q

Components of acetabulum

A

1/5th pubis

2/5th ischium

2/5th ilium

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57
Q

Sacral hiatus

A

Terminal point of vertebral canal

Transmits 5th sacral nerve

(only 4 sacral foramina)

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58
Q

Termination of dural sheath

A

Distally at second piece of sacrum

Beyond this, the sacral canal continues as the extradural space, caudal equina and filum terminale

59
Q

Gluteus maximumus muscle

A

O:
Ilium above and behind posterior gluteal line]
Sacrum and coccyx
Sacrotuberous ligaments

I:
Iliotibial tract =3/4
Gluteal tuberosity of the femur =1/4

Innervated by inferior gluteal nerve L5, S1, S2

Actions:
Extends hip
Lateral rotator of thigh
Tenses fascia lata around knee joint

60
Q

Anatomical points of gluteus maximumus

A

Only capable of gross movements

Covers posterior gluteus medius

Covers all short muscles of the hip, sciatic nerve, proximal hamstrings, both sciatic foramen,

Lower border overlaps ischial tuberosity on standing but not on sitting
Overlaps sacrotuberous ligament

Lower border does not make up gluteal fold, formed by the posterior horizontal skin crease of the hip joint

61
Q

Origin and insertion gluteus medius

A

O:
Outer surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

I:
Lateral side of greater trochanter

62
Q

Origin and insertion gluteus minimus

A

O:
Outer aspect of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

I:
Anterior aspect of greater trochanter

63
Q

Boundaries of greater sciatic foramen

A

Superior and anterior: greater sciatic notch

Posterior: sacrotuberous ligament

Inferior: sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine

64
Q

Structures passing through greater sciatic foramen

A

ABOVE piriformis

  • Superior gluteal vessels
  • Superior gluteal nerves

PIRIFORMIS

BELOW piriformis

  • Inferior gluteal vessels
  • Inferior gluteal nerves
  • Internal pudendal vessels
  • Internal pudendal nerve
  • Sciatic nerve
  • Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  • Nerve to quadratus femoris
  • Nerve to obturator internus
65
Q

Boundaries of the lesser sciatic foramen

A

Above: sacrospinous ligament

Anterior: body of ischium

Posterior: sacrotuberous ligament

66
Q

Structures passing through lesser sciatic foramen

A

Tendon of obturator internus

Nerve to obturator internus

Internal pudendal vessels

Pudendal nerve

67
Q

Surface markings of sciatic nerve

A

Curved line joining:
-midpoint between posterior superior iliac spine and ischial tuberosity

AND

-midpoint between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter

68
Q

Lateral patella dislocation

A

Larger lateral condyle normally prevents this

If underdeveloped lateral condyle –> recurrent patella dislocations

69
Q

Shaft of tibia

A

Subcutaneous anteriorly

  • most common fractured long bone
70
Q

Fibres of lower limb interosseous membrane

A

Run down and medially towards tibia from fibular

71
Q

Damage to common peroneal nerve

A

= foot drop

72
Q

Proximal row tarsal bones

A

Talus

Calcaneum

Navicular bone

73
Q

Distal row of tarsal bones

A

Cuboid bone

Three cuneiform bones

74
Q

Boundaries of femoral ring

A

Anterior: inguinal ligament

Medial: lacunar ligament

Posterior: pectineal ligament

Laterally: femoral vein

75
Q

Boundaires of femoral triangle

A

Superior: inguinal ligament

Medial: medial part of adductor magnus

Lateral: sartorius

Roof: skin, superficial fascia, great saphenous vein, deep fascia (fascia lata), cribriform fascia

Floor: iliacus, psoas major tendon, pectineus, adductor longus

76
Q

Contents femoral TRIANGLE

A 
Femoral canal
Femroal vein
Femoral artery
Femoral nerve
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
77
Q

Boundaries of femoral sheath

A

Anteriorly: continuation of transversalis fascia

Posterior: fascia of ilaicus

Contains:

medial: femoral canal
middle: femoral vein
lateral: femoral artery

DOES NOT CONTAIN NERVE

78
Q

Contents of femoral canal

A

Medial compartment of the femoral sheath

Entered via the femoral ring

Contains fat and lymph nodes (Cloquet’s node).

79
Q

Adductor canal boundaries

A

Passes from apex of femoral triangle –> popliteal fossa

Posterior: adductor longus and magnus

Anteromedially: sartorius

Anterolaterally: vastus medialis

80
Q

Contents of adductor canal

A

Superfical femoral artery

Superficial femoral vein (behind artery)

Saphenous nerve

81
Q

Branches of femoral artery

A

Superficial epigastric artery

Superficial circumflex iliac artery

Superficial external pudendal artery

Deep external pudendal artery

Profunda femoris artery

82
Q

Profunda femoris artery

A

Branches from femroal artery 5cm inferior to inguinal ligament –> posterolaterally

Passes on iliacus, psoas, pectineus, adductor brevis and magnus
–> adductor longus passes over it

Separated from femoral artery by femoral vein and
profunda veins and adductor longus.

Terminates in the lower third of the thigh by perforating adductor magnus.

Branches include:

  • lateral circumflex artery
  • medial circumflex artery
  • four perforating branches
83
Q

Branches of popliteal artery

A
  • Geniculate to the knee joint
  • Tibioperoneal trunk: posterior tibial artery + peroneal artery
  • Anterior tibial artery
84
Q

Branches of posterior tibial artery

A

Terminal branch of popliteal artery
–> branch of tibioperoneal trunk

Major branch: peroneal atery = lateral compartment
-2.5cm below popliteus

Lower third lies superficial between medial border of tendo calcaneus and medial border of tibia

Extends to lower margin of flexor retinaculum

Divides:

  • -> medial plantar artery
  • -> lateral plantar artery
85
Q

Orientation of tibial nerve and and posterior tibial artery

A

Tibial nerve is at first medial to posterior tibial artery at distal fibula

But crosses posteriorly to reach lateral side

86
Q

Anterior tibial artery

A

Terminal branch of popliteal artery

Lies deep on interosseuous membrane

Emerges superifically between tendons of extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior
–> crossed superficially by tendon of extensor hallucis longus just proximal to ankle joint

Branches

  • -> small collaterals to knee
  • -> dorsalis pedis (then anastomose with lateral plantar artery to form plantar arch)
87
Q

Palpation of femoral artery

A

Mindinguinal point

88
Q

Saphenous opening

A

4 cm inferolateral to the pubic tubercle

89
Q

Tributaries to great saphenous vein

A

Superficial epigastric vein

Superficial circumflex iliac vein

Superficial external pudendal vein

Lateral accessory vein - midthigh

90
Q

Nerurovascular supply to anterior compartment of leg

A

All muscles supplied by deep peroneal nerve

Anterior tibial artery

91
Q

Neurovascular supply to posterior compartment of leg

A

All muscles supplied by tibial nerve

Posterior tibial artery

92
Q

Neurovascular supply to peroneal/lateral compartment of leg

A

All muscles suplied by superficial peroneal nerve

Peroneal artery

93
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

L1 - L4
(with contribution form T12)

Formed in substance of psoas major

Trunkes emerge from lateral border of psoas major
-exception of obtruator nerve medially and genitofemoral nerve anteriorly

94
Q

Principle branches of lumbar plexus

A

Femoral nerve

Obturator nerve

Ilioinguinal nerve

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

Genitofemoral nerve

95
Q

Femoral nerve

A

L2 - L4

Emerges from lateral aspect of psoas major

Passes under inguinal ligament an dlies lateral to femoral artery in femoral triangle
-5cm below inguinal ligament –> termianl branches

Muscular:

  • quadriceps
  • satrorius
  • pectineus

Cutaneous:

  • medial cutaneous nerve of thigh
  • intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh
  • saphenous nerve

Articular branches to hip and knee

96
Q

Obturator nerve

A

L2 - L4

Emerges medial aspect of psoas major, only lumbar plexus nerve to do so

Runs deep to internal iliac vessels
–> upper part of obturator foramen

Enters the thigh through the obturator foramen with obturator vessels

Anterior branch:

  • gracillis
  • adductor longus
  • addductor brevis
  • skin over medial aspect of thigh and hip joint

Posterior branch: passes through obturator externus

  • adductor magnus
  • obtruator externus
  • knee joint
  • +/- adductor brevis
97
Q

Meralgia paraesthetica

A

Pressure of inguinal ligament on laternal cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Branch from lumbar plexus, descends deep to inguinal ligament

98
Q

Genitofemoral nerve

A

L1 and L2

Formed in psoas major, emerges anteriorly - only nerve to do so

Runs inferiorly passing posteriorly to the ureter

Divides into genital and femoral branches

Male : the genital branch enters the deep inguinal ring in company with the vas deferens and supplies the cremaster muscle
–> emerging from the superficial inguinal ring, it supplies the skin of the scrotum

Female: ends in supplying the skin of the labium majus
–> femoral branch passes deep to the inguinal
ligament within the femoral sheath to supply
the skin just inferior to the ligament

99
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L4 -L5 S1 - S4

Sacral nerves emerge anterior sacral foramina and unite in front of piriformis –> joined by lumbosacral trunk (L4, 5)

Branches

  • Piriformis
  • Obturator internus
  • Quadrate femoris
  • Gemelli

Superior gluteal nerve

Inferior gluteal nerve

Pudendal nerve

Sciatic nerve

100
Q

Superior gluteal nerve

A

L4, L5 and S1

Passes out of the greater sciatic foramen above
piriformis.

Accompanies superior gluteal vessels.

Supplies:

  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
  • tensor fascia lata
101
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve

A

L5 S1 and S2

Passes out of the pelvis below piriformis

Supplies gluteus maximus

102
Q

Branches of pudendal nerve

A

Inferior rectal

Perineal

Dorsal nerve of penis

103
Q

Pudendal nerve

A

S2 - S4

Passes out of greater sciatic foramen between priformis and coccygeus
–> medial to sciatic nerve

Winds over sacrospinous ligament medial to internal
pudendal artery

Re-enters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen

Enters pudendal canal in obturator fascia

104
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

L4 - S3

Nerve emerges from the greater sciatic foramen below piriformis

Covered by gluteus maximus

Crosses posterior surface of ischium

Descends on adductor magnus lying deep to the
hamstrings

Crossed by the long head of biceps femoris

Divides into tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve

The level of division is variable and the nerves may
be separate entities even at their origin from the
sacral plexus.

105
Q

Branches of sciatic nerve

A

Muscular

  • semitendinosus
  • semimebranosus
  • biceps femoris
  • part of adductor magnus

Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve

106
Q

Branches of tibial nerve

A

L4 - S3

Popliteal fossa

  • gastrocnemius
  • popliteus
  • soleus
  • sural nerve

Leg

  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • tibialis posterior
  • intrinsic muscles of the foot

Cutaneous

  • skin of the sole of the foot
  • lateral plantar nerve supplies lateral part and lateral one and a half toes
  • medial plantar nerve supplies medial half and medial three and a half toes
107
Q

Common peroneal nerve

A

Root value L4 - S2

Smaller terminal branch of sciatic nerve

Enters popliteal fossa lateral to tibial nerve

Passes along medial border of biceps tendon.

Winds round neck of fibula deep to peroneus longus, where it divides into superficial and deep peroneal
nerves

108
Q

Deep peroneal nerve

A

Branch of common peroneal nerve

Pierces extensor digitorum longus
Descends with anterior tibial arteyr over anterior interosseous membrane

Branches

  • tibilias anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor digitorum brevis
  • peroneus tertius

Cutaneous:to the skin of the web space between
first and second toes.

109
Q

Superficial peroneal nerve

A

Muscular:

  • peroneus longus
  • peroneus brevis

Cutaneous:

  • distal two-thirds of the lateral aspect of the leg,
  • dorsum of the foot (except the first web space)
110
Q

Ankle reflex

A

S1

Gastrocnemius

Sciatic nerve, tibial nerve branch

111
Q

Knee reflex

A

L3 / L4

Quadriceps

via femoral nerve

112
Q

Strangulated obturator hernia

A

Pressure effect on obturator nerve –> pain on proximal medial thigh

Obstructed symptoms

113
Q

Arteria comitans nervi ischiadici

A

Nerve running in sciatic nerve itself

Must be isolated and ligated separately in Above knee amputation

114
Q

Proximal sciatic nerve injury

A

Hamstring function lost

All muscles to lower leg lost

Sensation to lower leg lost with exception of saphenous nerve (branch of femoral)
- i.e. over medial malleolus and medial border of foot to great toe

115
Q

Loss of active plantarflexion.

Loss of sensation over the sole of the foot.

A

Tibial nerve injury

116
Q

Common peroneal nerve

A

Failure of dorsiflexion owing to paralysis of
anterior compartment muscles
-deep peroneal nerve

Failure of eversion owing to paralysis of lateral
compartment muscles
-superficial peroneal nerve

117
Q

Iliofemoral ligament

A

Strongest of the acetabular ligaments

Inverted Y

O: Anterior inferior iliac spine
Bifurcates and inserts on each end of trochanteric line

118
Q

Ischiofemoral ligament

A

Posterior ligament of acetabulum

Base of ischium –> base of greater trochanter

119
Q

Pubofemoral ligament

A

Medial aspect of acetabulum

Ilio pubic junction –> medial aspect of capsule

120
Q

Muscles causing flexion of hip

A

iliacus, psoas major, rectus femoris, sartorius,

pectineus

121
Q

Muscles causing extension of hip

A

gluteus maximus, biceps, semimembranosus,

semitendinosus

122
Q

Muscles causing ADduction of hip

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor

magnus, gracilis, pectineus

123
Q

Muscles causing ABduction of hip

A

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor

fasciae latae

124
Q

Muscles causing lateral rotation of hip

A 
gluteus maximus (chiefly), obturator
internus, obturator externus, gemelli, quadratus
femoris
125
Q

Muscles causing medial rotation of hip

A

tensor fasciae latae, anterior fibres

of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

126
Q

Lateral approach to the hip

A

Split fibres of:

  • tensor fascia latae
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
127
Q

Anterior approach to hip

A

Between gluteus medius and minimus laterally and sartorius medially

Reflected head of rectus femoris is then divided to expose the anterior aspect of the hip joint

128
Q

Posterior approach to hip

A

Through an angled incision commencing at the posterior superior iliac spine passing to the greater trochanter descending downwards

Gluteus maximus is split in the line of its
fibres and incised along its tendinous insertion.

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are detached from their insertions into the greater trochanter

129
Q

Insertion of poplietus

A

Popliteus inserts on posterior aspect of LATERAL cartilage menisci

130
Q

Lateral ligaments of ankle joint

A

Anterior talofibular

Calcaneofibular

Posterior talofibular

131
Q

Medial ligament of the ankle joint

A

Medial triangular

132
Q

Subtalar joint

A

Inversion: tibialis anterior and posterior
-aided by extensor hallucis longus and flexor hallucis longus

Eversion: perneus longus and brevis

133
Q

Arches of the foot

A

Two longituidnal: medial and lateral
One transverse

Medial longitudinal arch
-calcaneum, talus, navicular, three cuneiform, medial three metatarsals

Lateral longitudinal arch
-calcaneum, cuboid, lateral two metatarsals

Transverse
-bases of metatarsals

134
Q

Medial longituindal arch

A

Calcaneum, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, medial trhee metatarsals

Muscular:

  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • tibialis anterior
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor digitorum brevis

Ligaments

  • spring ligament
  • interosseous ligaments
135
Q

Medial longituindal arch support

A

Calcaneum, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, medial trhee metatarsals

Muscular:

  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • tibialis anterior
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor digitorum brevis

Ligaments

  • spring ligament
  • interosseous ligaments
136
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch support

A

Calcaneum, cuboid, lateral two metatarsals

Muscular

  • peroneus longus
  • flexor digitorum longus ot 4th and 5th toes
  • flexor digitorum brevis

Ligaments:

  • long plantar ligament
  • short plantar ligament
137
Q

Transverse arch support

A

Muscular: peroneus longus

Ligaments: interosseous

138
Q

Short planater ligament

A

Plantar surface of calcaneum –> Cuboid

139
Q

Long plantar ligament

A

Calcaneum –> base of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals

Covers short plantar ligament

Forms a tunnel for peroneus longus with the cuboid bone

140
Q

Spring ligament

A

Sustentaculum tali of calcaneum —> tuberosity of navicualr

141
Q

Components of extensor retinaculum

A

Superior extensor retinaculum

  • thickening of deep fascia in distal leg
  • attached to anterior borders of tibia and fibula

Inferior extensor retinaculum

  • y-shaped
  • calcaneus –> medial plantar aponeurosis + medial malleolus
142
Q

Structures passing under extensor retinaculum

A

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Dorsalis pedis

Tibialis anterior

Peroneus Tertius

143
Q

Peroneal retinaculum

A

/fibular retinacula

Superior fibular retinaculum
-lateral malleolus –> calcaneum

Inferior retinaculum
-lateral calcaneum –> fibular notch

Anatomy (22 decks)

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