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Anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Key anatomy at CIII-IV

A

Superior border of the thyroiud cartilage of larynx

Common carotid bifurcates

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2
Q

Key anatomy at CV-VI

A

Lower limit of pharynx and larynx

Superior limit of oesophagus and trachea

Indentation between cricoid cartilage of larynx and first tracheal ring

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3
Q

Formation of cervical plexus

A

Spinal roots C1-C4

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4
Q

Formation of brachial plexus

A

Spinal roots C5-T1

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5
Q

Boundaries of anterior triangle of the neck

A

Median vertical line of th eneck

Inferior margin of the mandible

Anterior margin of sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

Boundaries of posterior triangle of the neck

A

Middle 1/3 of the clavicle

Anterior margin of trapezius

Posterior margin of sternocleidomastoid

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7
Q

Borders of the forman lacerum

A

Medial: Basilar part of occpital bone

Anterior: body of sphenoid

Apex of petrous temporal bone

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8
Q

Compoents of anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal bone

Ethmoid bone in midline (crista galli)

Body and lesser wings of sphenoid

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9
Q

Anterior clinoid process

A

Widening of lesser wing of sphenoid

Forms anterior attachment for tentorium cerebelli

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10
Q

Foramina of anterior cranial fossa

A

Foramen caecum: emissary veins to nasal cavity

Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate: olfactory nerve (CN I

Optic canal: Optic nerve CN II and opthalmic artery

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11
Q

Compenents of the middle cranial fossa

A

Body and greater wings of sphenoid

Squamous part of temporal bone

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12
Q

Foramina of middle cranial fossa

A

Superior orbital fissure:

  • -> Oculomotor nerve (III)
  • -> Trochlear nerve (IV)
  • -> Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve V1
  • -> Abducens (VI)
  • ->Opthalmic veins

Foramen rotundum
–> Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve V2

Foramen ovale

  • -> Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve V3
  • -> Lesser petrosal nerve

Foramen spinosum
–> Middle meningeal artery

Hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve
–> Greater petrosal nerve

Hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve
–> Lesser petrosal nerve

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13
Q

Foramina of posterior cranial fossa

A

Foramen magnum

  • -> End of brainstem
  • -> Vertebral arteries
  • -> Spinal roots of the accessory nerve
  • -> Meninges

Internal acoustic meatus

  • ->Facial nerve VII
  • ->Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
  • -> Labyrinthine artery

Jugular foramen

  • ->Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
  • ->Vagus nerve X
  • ->Accessory nerve XII
  • -> Inferior petrosal sinus
  • -> Sigmoid sinus

Hypoglossal canal

  • -> Hypoglossal nerve VII
  • -> Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery

Condylar canal
–> Emissary vein

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14
Q

Anterior meningeal artery

A

BRanch of ethmoidal artery

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15
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A

Branch of maxillary artery

Enters middle cranial fossa via the foramen spinosum

Divides into anterior and posterior branches
-Anterior branch crosses pterion

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16
Q

Accessory meningeal artery

A

Branch of maxillary artery

Enters middle cranial fossa via foramen ovale

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17
Q

Posterior meningeal artery

A

Terminal branch of ascening pharyngeal artery

–> enters through jugular foramen

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18
Q

Innervation of the dura mater in the skull

A

Small meningeal branches of all three divisions of trigeminal nerve V1, V2, V3

Vagus nerve CN X

C1-C2 (+/- C3)

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19
Q

Five developmental areas of brain

A

Telencephalon (cerebrum)

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

Mesencaphalon (midbrain)

Metencephalon (cerebellum and pons)

Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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20
Q

Course of the vertebral arteries

A

Branch of the first part of the subclavian artery

Pass superiorly through transverse foramina of C1-C6

Enter cranial cavity through foramen magnum

Give off meningeal artery branch

Give off anterior spinal artery (subsequently join)

Give off posterior spinal artery

Give off posterior inferior cerebral artery (which can also give rise to posterior spinal artery)

Join to form the basilar artery

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21
Q

Branches of internal carotid artery

A

Enters cranial cavity through carotid canal

Gives off Opthalmic artery

Gives off Posterior communicating artery

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior cerebral artery

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22
Q

Contents of the cavernois sinuses

A

Running through the cavernous sinus:

  • -> Internal carotid artery
  • -> Abducens nerve VI

In lateral wall:

  • Oculomotor nerve III
  • Trochlear nerve IV
  • Opthalmic nerve V1
  • Maxillary nerve V2
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23
Q

Muscles that develop from second pharyngeal arch

A

Facial muscles

Innervated by Facial nerve

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24
Q

Structures passing though the parotid

A

External carotid artery –> posterior auricular artery

Retromandibular vein

Facial nerve

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25
Q

Branches of the fascial nerve

A

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Marginal

Mandibular

Cervical branches

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26
Q

Innervation of the parotid gland

A

Auriculotemporal nerve

Branch of mandibular nerve V3 of CN V
-Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres from otic ganglion

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27
Q

Innervation of first pharyngeal arch

A

Trigeminal nerve CN V

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28
Q

Innervation of second pharyngeal arch

A

Facial nerve CV VII

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29
Q

Branches of the ophthalmic nerve

A

Ophthalmic nerve V1 (of trigeminal nerve)

Ophthalmic nerve exits the cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure

Branches:

  • Supra-orbital and supra-trochlear nerves which leave the orbit superiorly and innervate:
  • ->upper eyelid
  • ->forehead
  • ->scalp
  • Infra-trochlear nerve, which exits the orbit in the medial angle to innervate the:
  • medial half of the upper eyelid
  • skin in the area of the medial angle
  • side of nose
  • Lacrimal nerve, which exits the orbit in the lateral angle to innervate the:
  • ->lateral half of the upper eyelid
  • ->skin in the area of the lateral angle
  • External nasal nerve
  • ->anterior part of the nose
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30
Q

Branches of the maxillary nerve

A

Maxillary nerve V2 of Trigeminal nerve

Exits cranial cavity through foramen rotundum

Zygomaticotemporal branch
-Exits zygomatic bone and supplies a small area of the anterior temporal bone

Zygomaticofacial bone
-Exits zygomatic bone and supplies a small area of skin over zygomatic bone

Infra-orbital bone

  • Exits maxilla through infra-orbital foramen and immediately divides
  • -> Lower eyelid
  • -> Cheek
  • -> Side of nose
  • -> Upper lip
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31
Q

Branches of mandibular nerve

A

V3 of Trigeminal

Leaves cranial cavity through foramen ovale

Auriculotemporal branch

  • Innervates face posterior to temporomandibular joint
  • Passes through the parotid gland and ascends just anterior to the ear to supply the external acoustic meatus
  • Surface of tympanic membrane
  • Temple

Buccal nerve
-Surface over buccinator

Mental nerve

  • Exits mandible through mental foramen
  • Immediately divides into multiple branches to supply the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip and skin of chin
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32
Q

Branches of the Facial Nerve

A

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Marginal mandibular

Cervical

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33
Q

Layers of the scalp

A

S-skin

C-connective tissue (dense)

A-aponeurotic layer

L-loose connective tissue

P-pericranium

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34
Q

Passes through foramen ovale

A 
O tic ganglion
V3 (Mandibular nerve:3rd branch of trigeminal)
A ccessory meningeal artery
L esser petrosal nerve
E missary vein
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35
Q

Cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibres

A

X IX VII III (1973)

The parasympathetic functions served by the cranial nerves include:
III (oculomotor) Pupillary constriction and accommodation
VII (facial) Lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual glands
IX (glossopharyngeal) Parotid
X (vagus) Heart and abdominal viscera

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36
Q

Functions of the facial nerve

A

Supply - ‘face, taste, ear, tear’

Face: muscles of facial expression

Ear: nerve to stapedius

Taste: supplies anterior two-thirds of tongue\

Tear: parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal glands, also salivary glands

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37
Q

Muscles of the orbit

A

Orbicularis oculi

  • Palpebral part
  • Orbital part

Corrugator supercollider

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38
Q

Muscles of the nose

A

Nasalis

  • Transverse part
  • Alar part

Procerus

Depressor septi

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39
Q

Muscles of the upper mouth

A

Risorius

Zygomaticus major

Zygomaticus minor

Levator labii superioris

Levator labii superiosis alaeque nasi

Levator anguli oris

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40
Q

Muscles of the lower mouth

A

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris

Mentalis

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41
Q

Muscles not confined to a single region of the face

A

Anterior auricular

Posterior auricular

Superior auricular

Occipitofrontalis

  • Frontal belly
  • Occipital belly
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42
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Obicularis oculi

A

Palpebral part
O: Medial palpebral ligament
I: Lateral palpebral raphe
F: Closes eyelid gently

Orbital part
O:Nasal part of frontal bone, frontal process of maxilla, medial palpebral ligament
I: Fibres form an eclipse around orbit
F: Forceful closure of eyelid

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of two muscles in orbital group

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43
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Corrugator supercilii

A

O: Medial end of superciliary arch

I: Skin around medial half of eyebrow

F: Draws eyebrows medially and downward, wrinkling skin between brows

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of two muscles in orbital group

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44
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Nasalis

A

Transverse part
O: Maxilla, just lateral to nose
I: Aponeurosis across nose with muscle on other side
F: Compress nasal aperture

Alar part
O: Maxilla over lateral incisor
I: Alar cartilage of nose
F: Flares nostrils

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of three muscles in nasal group

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45
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Procerus

A

O: Nasal bone and upper part of lateral nasal cartilage

I: Skin of lower forehead between eyebrows

F: Draws eyebrows together causing wrinkling

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of three muscles in nasal group

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46
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Depressor septi

A

O: Maxilla above medial incisor

I: Mobile part of nasal septum

F: Pulls nose inferiorly, flares nares

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of three muscles in nasal group

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47
Q

Origin, insertion and function of depressor anguli oris

A

O: Oblique line of mandible below canine, pre-molar and first molar

I: Skin at corner of mouth

F: Draws corner mouth down laterally

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of three muscles in inferior oris group

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48
Q

Origin, insertion and function of depressor labii inferioris

A

O: Anterior part of oblique line of mandible

I: Lower lip at midline, blends with muscle from opposite side

F: Draws lower lip downward

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of three muscles in inferior oris group

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49
Q

Origin, insertion and function of mentalis

A

O: Mandible inferior to incisors

I: Skin of chin

F: Raises and protrudes lower lip, wrinkle skin on chin

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of three muscles in inferior oris group

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50
Q

Origin, insertion and function of risorius

A

O: Fascia over massater muscle

I: Skin at lateral corner of mouth

F: Retracts corner of mouth, smiling

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of six muscles in superior oris group

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51
Q

Origin, insertion and function of zygomaticus major

A

O: Posterior part of lateral zygomatic bone

I: Skin ar lateral corner of mouth

F: Draws corner of mouth upward and laterally, smiling

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of six muscles in superior oris group

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52
Q

Origin, insertion and function of zygomaticus minor

A

O: Anterior part of lateral zygomatic bone

I: Upper lip just medial to corner of mouth

F: Draws upper lip upwards, smiling

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of six muscles in superior oris group

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53
Q

Origin, insertion and function of levator labii superioris

A

O: Infra-orbital margin of maxilla

I: Skin of upper lateral half of upper lip

F: Raises upper lip, forms nasolabial furrow

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of six muscles in superior oris group

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54
Q

Origin, insertion and function of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

A

O: Frontal process of maxilla

I: Alar cartilage of nose and upper lip

F: Raises upper lip and opens nostril

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of six muscles in superior oris group

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55
Q

lOrigin, insertion and function of evator anguli oris

A

O: Maxilla below infra-orbital foramen

I: Skin at corner of mouth

F: Raises corner of lip and forms nasolabial furrow

Innervated by facial nerve
Forms one of six muscles in superior oris group

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56
Q

Origin, insertion and function of obricularis oris

A

O: From surround superior and inferior muscles in area, maxilla, mandible and midline

I: Forms ellipse

F: Closes and protrudes lips

Innervated by facial nerve

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57
Q

Origin, insertion and function of buccinator

A

O: Posterior part of maxilla and mandible, prerygomandibular raphe

I: Blends with orbicularis ocis and into lips
Central fibres cross superiorly-inferiorly

F: Compresses distended cheeks

Innervated by facial nerve

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58
Q

Origin, insertion and function of auricular muscles

A

Anterior auricular
Anterior part of temporal fascia –> helix of ear

Posterior auricular
Mastoid process –> convexity of concha

Superior auricular
Epicranial aponeurosis –> upper auricle

All innervated by facial nerve

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59
Q

Origin, insertion and function of occipitofrontalis

A

Frontal belly
O: Skin of eyebrows
I: Galae aponeurotica
F: Raises eyebrows

Occipital belly
O: Lateral part of superior nuchal line of occipital bone and mastoid process
I: Galea aponeurotica
F: Draws scalp backward

Innervated by facial nerve

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60
Q

Path of the parotid duct

A

Leaves anterior edge of parotid gland

Passes transverse over medial masseter muscle

Dives into buccinator, passing through it

Opens near second upper molar tooth

61
Q

Structures passing through the parotid gland

A

Facial nerve
-Upper and lower trunks

External carotid artery

  • Gives off posterior auricular artery
  • Divides into two terminal branches: maxillary and superficial temporal artery

Retromandibular vein

  • Formed from superfical temporal and maxillary veins
  • After leaving parotid it branches into anterior and posterior branches
62
Q

Innervation of the parotid gland

A

Sensory innervation by auriculotemporal nerve

  • Branch of mandiular nerve V3 (Trigeminal)
  • Carries secretomotor fibres to parotid

Secretomotor fibres are post-ganglionic fibres that are carried in V3 but arise in the otic ganglion

The pre-ganglionic fibres to the otic ganglion arise from the glossopharyngeal nerve IX

Sympathetic innervation originates from the superior cervical ganglion, part of the paravertebral chain. Fibres from this ganglion travel along the external carotid artery to reach the parotid gland. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits saliva secretion, via vasoconstriction.

63
Q

Management of parotid stones

A

Distal near opening
-Incision in buccal muscoa and spuncterotomy + removal

Proximal / posterior stone close to or within gland
-Parotid gland excision

64
Q

Arterial supply to the parotid gland

A

Posterior auricular artery

Superifical temporal artery

65
Q

Referred pain from parotiditis

A

Pain produced can be referred to the external ear

Auriculotemporal nerve provides sensory innervation to the parotid gland and the external ear

66
Q

Branches of the opthalmic nerve V1

A

Opthalmic nerve is V1 of the trigeminal nerve

It leaves through the superior orbital fissure

Branches:
Supra-orbital nerve
Supra-trochlear nerve
Infra-trochlear nerve
Lacrimal nerve
External nasal nerve
67
Q

Branches of the the maxillary nerve V2

A

Maxillary nerve is V2 of the trigeminal nerve

It leaves through the foramen rotundum

Branches:
Zygomaticotemporal branch
Zygomaticofacial branch
Infra-orbital branch

68
Q

Branches of the mandibular nerve V3

A

Mandibular nerve is V3 of the trigeminal nerve

Exits through the foramen ovale

Branches:
Auriculotemporal nerve: enters face posterior to temporomandibular joint and supplies external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, and temple

Buccal nerve

Mental nerve

69
Q

Posterior auricular neve

A

Branch of facial nerve as it leaves the stylomastoid foramen

Passes upwards to supply the occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
AND
Posterior auricular muscle of the ear

70
Q

Temproal branch of the facial nerve

A

First branch leaving at the superior border of the parotid

Supplies muscles in area of:
Temple
Forehead
Supra-orbital area

71
Q

Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve

A

Second branch of the facial nerve emerging from the anterosuperior border of the parotid gland

Suuplies muscles in the area of:
Infra-orbital
Lateral nasal
Upper lip

72
Q

Buccal branch of the facial nerve

A

Third branch of the facial nerve emerging from the anterior border of the parotid gland

Supplies muscles in the area of:
Cheek
Upper lip
Corner of the mouth

73
Q

Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve

A

Fourth branch of the facial nerve which emerges from the anteroinferior border of the parotid gland

Supplies muscles in the area of:
Lower lip
Chin

74
Q

Cervical branch of the facial nerve

A

Fifth branch of the facial nerve emerging from the inferior border of the parotid gland

Supplies the platysma

75
Q

Path of the facial artery

A

Branch from anterior surface of external carotid artery

Passes upwards beneath submandibular gland

Wraps in front of mandible

Passes upwards, deep to:

  • Platysma
  • Risorius
  • Zygomaticus major
  • Zygomaticus minor

Superficial to:

  • Buccinator
  • Levator anguli oris

Branches

  • -> Superior labial artery –> Upper lip and nasal septum
  • -> Inferior labial artery –> Lower lip
  • -> Lataeral nasal artery –> Lateral surface dorsum of nose

TERMINATES as Angular artery at medial corner of eye

NOTE: Superior and inferior labial arteries anastomose with corrosponding contralateral at midline

76
Q

Transverse facial artery

A

Branch of superificial temporal artery within substance of parotid

Passes on superficial surface of masseter

77
Q

Branches of the facial artery

A

Branches

  • -> Superior labial artery –> Upper lip and nasal septum
  • -> Inferior labial artery –> Lower lip
  • -> Lataeral nasal artery –> Lateral surface dorsum of nose

TERMINATES as Angular artery at medial corner of eye

NOTE: Superior and inferior labial arteries anastomose with corrosponding contralateral at midline

78
Q

Branches of the maxillary artery

A

Maxillary artery is larger of the two terminal arteries of the external carotid

Infra-orbital branch

  • Enters face through infra-orbital foramen
  • Supplies lower eyelid, upper lip and surrounding area

Buccal artery
-Enters face on superficial surface of buccinator

Mental artery

  • Enters face through mental foramen
  • Supplies chin
79
Q

Branches of the opthalmic artery

A

Opthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid

It has five branches
Three for the face
Two for the scalp

Face
Zygomaticofacial artery
-Enters face through zygomaticofacial foramen

Zygomaticotemporal artery
-Enters face through zygomaticotemporal formamen

Dorsal nasal artery

  • Terminal branch of the opthalmic artery
  • Exits the orbit in the medial corner and supplies dordum of nose

Scalp
Supraorbital artery

Supratrochlear artery

80
Q

Origin of the facial vein

A

Supratrochlear and supraorbital veins join to form the angular vein

The angular vein continues as the facial artery

81
Q

Facial vein course

A

Passes with facial artery until it reaches mandible

Facial vein passes superiorly to submandibular gland to drain into the internal jugular vein

The artery passes posteriorly to submandibular gland

82
Q

Drainage of the transverse facial vein

A

Drains into superficial temporal vein in substance of parotid

The superficial temporal vein then joins with the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein

83
Q

Intracranial venous connections

A

Medial corner of orbit: communicates with opthalmic veins

Cheek: communicates with veins passing into the infra-orbital foramen

Communicates with pterygoid plexus of veins

All communicate with intracranial cavernous sinus
No valves
Infection can track

84
Q

Submental nodes drain

A

Lower lip and chin

85
Q

Submandibular nodes drain

A

Medial corner of the orbit

External nose

Medial cheek

Upper lip

Lateral lower lip

86
Q

Pre-auricular and parotid nodes drain

A

Eyelids

Lateral cheek

Small part of external nose

87
Q

Sensation to the scalp

A

Anterior to the ears
-Trigeminal nerve via supratrochlear, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal and auriculotemporal nerve

Posterior to the ears

  • Cervical nerve C2-C3
  • Great auricular, lesser occipital, greater occipital and third occipital nerves
88
Q

Bones making up the orbit

A

Superiorly: frontal bone

Medially: frontal prcoess of the maxilla

Inferiorly: zygomatic process of the maxilla and the zygomatic bone

Laterally: zygomatic bone. frontal process of zygomatic bone, zygomatic process of the frontal bone

Ethmoid bone medially
Lacrimal bone medially
Palatine bone medially

89
Q

Superior tarsal muscle

A

Smooth muscle fibres passing from the inferior surface of levator papebrae superioris to upper edge of suprior tarsus

Innervated by post-ganglionic sympatheic fibres from the cervical ganglion

90
Q

Inability to close eye tightly

A

Loss of innervation to orbicularis orbis from facial nerve

CN VII

91
Q

Ptosis of eye

A

Loss of function from levator papebrae superioris caused by oculomotor lesion
CN III

Constant partial ptosis from superior tarsal muscle caused by damage to sympathetic supply from cervical ganglion

92
Q

Sensory innervation of the lacrimal gland

A

Sensory: lacrimal branch of the opthalmic nerve V1 of trigeminal nerve CN V

93
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

A

Secretomotor (parasympathetic)

  • Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres in facial nerve CN VII
  • Enter greater petrosal nerve (branch of facial nerve)
  • Contunes as nerve of the pterygoid canal
  • Nerve of the pterygoid canal joins the pteygopalatine ganglion
  • Post-ganglionic fibres join maxillary branch V2 of trigeminal nerve
  • Zygomatic branch
  • Zygomaticotemporal branch
  • Lacrimal nerve
94
Q

Synpathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

A

Post-ganglionic fibres arise from superior cervical ganglion

  • > Travel along plexus surrounding internal carotid
  • > Leave plexus as deep petrosal nerve
  • > Join parasympathetic fibres in the nerve of the pterygoif canal
  • > Pass through pterygopalatine ganglion
  • > Maxillary branch V2 of trigeminal
  • > Zygomatic branch
  • > Zygomaticotemporal nerve

->Lacrimal nerve

95
Q

Arterial supply to lacrimal gland

A

Opathalmic artery

Drained by opthalmic vein

96
Q

Periorbita

A

Periosteium surrounding orbit

Continuations of which extend into upper and lower eyelids as orbital septa

Continuum with periosteal layer of dura mater at points

Continuous with common tendinous ring of optic canal and superior orbital fissure

97
Q

Path of opthalmic artery

A

Branch of internal carotid artery immediately after is emerges from the cavernous sinus

Passes into orbit through optic canal

Initally lies inferior and lateral to optic nerve, then passing superiorly and anteriorly to medial side

98
Q

Branches of the opthalmic artery

Lively cats love smoking magic saucy pricks alongside making saucy single

A

Lacrimal artery

Central retinal artery

Long posterior ciliary artery

Short posterior ciliary artery

Muscular arteries

Supra-orbital arteries

Posterior ethmoidal artery

Anterior ethmoidal artery

Medial palpebral arteries

Dorsal nasal artery

Supratrochlear artery

99
Q

Central retinal artery

A

Branch of opthalmic artery which in turn is a branch of the internal carotid

Passes to centre of the optic nerve and proceeds centrally to the retina

Can be seen on opathlmoscopy

Occlusion causes blindness

100
Q

Supra-orbital artery

A

Branch of the opthalmic artery as it passes over the optic nerve (from inferior lateral position to superior medial position)

Passes through supra-orbital foramen with supra-orbital nerve to supply the forehead and scalp

101
Q

Anterior ethmoidal artery

A

Branch of opthalmic artery

Exits the orbit through the anterior ethmoidal foramen

Enters cranial cavity

Gives off anterior meningeal branch

Cotninues into nasal cavity supplying the septum and lateral wall

Ends as the dorsal nasal artery

102
Q

Terminal branches of the opthalmic artery

A

Supra-trochlear artery

Dorsal nasal artery

103
Q

Optic nerve subarachnoid space

A

Optic nerve is extension of brain

Surrounded by cranial meninges, including subarachnoid space

Increasing pressure impedes venous return along retinal veins

  • -> Causing oedema of the optic disc
  • -> Papilloedema
104
Q

Superior branch of oculomotor nerve

A

Passes through common tendinous ring

Innervates:
Superior rectus muscle
Levator palpebrae superioris

105
Q

Inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve

A

Passes through common tendinous ring

Divides into three branches:

1) One passing below the optic nerve to medial to innervate medial rectus muscle
2) Descening to innervate inferior rectus muscle

3) Runs along floor of orbit to innervate inferior oblique muscle
- -> gives off branch to ciliary glanglion as it descends

106
Q

Trochlear nerve entry into orbit

A

Superior orbital fissure

ABOVE common tendinous ring

107
Q

Sypathetic fibres to the orbit

A

Pre-ganglionic sumpathetic fibres arise from the thoracic spinal cord, mainly T1

Ascend in sumpathetic chain to the superior cervical plexus

Synpase with post-ganglionic neurons

These then ascend with the opthalmic artery into the orbit

Pass into short ciliary ganglion (without synapsing) or long ciliary nerve

108
Q

Lacrimal nerve

A

Smallest of three branches of the opthalmic division V1 of trigeminal

Passes into orbit through the superior orbital fissure ABOVE the common tendinous ring

Recieves branch from the zygomaticotemporal nerve carrying parasympathetic + synpathetic fibres for the secretomotor function of the lacrimal gland

Supplies: lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, lateral upper eyelid

109
Q

Frontal nerve

A

Largest branch of three branches of the opthalmic division V1 of the trigeminal nerve

Exits superior orbital fissure ABOVE common tendinous ring

Passes on top of levator palpebrae superioris

Divides into supra-orbital nerve and supra-trochlear nerve which leave orbit to gather sensory information from superior eyelid, forehead and scalp

110
Q

Nasociliary nerve

A

First branch of the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

Passes through the superior orbital fissure within the common tendinous ring

Many branches:
Communicating branch with ciliary ganglion
Long ciliary nerve
Posterior ethoidal nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
111
Q

Position of ciliary ganglion

A

Lateral to optic nerve

Between optic nerve and lateral rectus muscle

112
Q

Roots of the ciliary ganglion

A

Parasympathetic root

  • Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve supplies parasympathetic branch carrying pre-ganglioni cfibres
  • Post-ganglionic fibres leave via the short ciliary nerve
  • Innervate spinchter pupillae muscle and ciliary muscle

Sympathetic root

  • Post-ganglionic neurons from superior cervical ganglion
  • Does not synapse, passes straight through into short ciliary nerve
  • Innervate dilator pupillae muscle

Sensory root

  • Nasociliary nere branch
  • Pass through without synapsing
  • Enter short ciliary nerve
113
Q

Innervation of the ciliary muscle

A

Parasympathetic supply from the oculomotor nerve CN III

Constricts ciliary body, relaxes tension on lens, lens becomes more rounded

114
Q

Innervation of the sphincter pupillae

A

Parasympathetic fibres from the oculomotor nerve CN III

Constricts pupil

115
Q

Innervation of the dilator pupillae

A

Sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion (T1)

Dilates the pupil

116
Q

Innervation to the external ear

A

Auriculotemporal nerve of the mandibukar branch of the trigeminal nerve V3
-Anterior superior portion

Great auricular nerve C2 C3
-Anterior and posterior inferior portion

Less occipital nerve C2
-Posterior superior portion

117
Q

Innervation to the concha of the ear

A

Vagus nerve
-Auricular branch

Facial nerve
-Sends branch within auriuclar branch of vagus nerve

118
Q

Arterial supply to the extenral ear

A

External carotid –> posterior suricular artery

Superficial temporal –> anterior auricular artery

Occipital artery

119
Q

Sensory innervation for inner mucous membrane of tympanic membrane

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

120
Q

Innervation to tympanic tube

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve via tympanic nerve

121
Q

Aterial supply to tympanic tube

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery which is a branch of the extenral carotid artery

122
Q

Innervation of tensor tympani

A

Innervated by tensor tympani branch of the mandibular never V3 of the trigeminal

O: Cartilagenou spart of the pharyngotympanic tube. greater wing of sphenoid
I: Upper part of handle of malleus
F: Pulls handle of malleus medially

123
Q

Innervation of stapedius

A

Innervated by branch of facial nerve VII

O: Attachment to pyramidal eminence
I: Neck of stapes
F: Contraction

124
Q

Arterial supply to middle ear

A

Tympanic branch of the maxillary artery

Mastoid branch of the occipital or posterior auricular artery

125
Q

Tympanic plexus

A

Formed by tympanic nerve of glossopharyngeal nerve and the branches from the internal carotid plexus
=Carotico-tympanic nerves

Supply mucous membrane of middle ear, pharyngotympanic tube, mastoid area

Gives off lesser petrosal nerve which passes into middle cranial fossa via hiatus
–> then passes through foramen ovale to otic ganglion

126
Q

Arterial supply to bony labyrinth

A

Anterior tymapnic artery of maxillary artery

Stylomatoid branch from posterior auricular artery

Petrosal branch from middle meningeal artery

127
Q

Arterial supply to the membranous labyrith

A

Labyrinthine artery
–> divides into cohlear branch and vestibular branch

Arises from anterior inferior cerebellar artery or as direct branch from basillar artery

Enters internal acoutstic meatus with facial and vestibulocochlear nerve

128
Q

Branches of facial nerve within facial cancal

A

Greater petrosal nerve

Nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani

129
Q

Greater petrosal nerve

A

Branch of facial nerve in the facial canal as it enalrges to form the geniculate ganglion

Passes out of the greater petrosal hiatus into middle cranial fossa

Carries pre-ganglion fibres to the pterygopalatine ganglion

130
Q

Nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani

A

As facial nerve begins its vertical desscent in facial canal it gives off nerve to stapedius

Just prior to exit from the skull at stylomastoid foramen the facial nerve gives off nerve to chorda tympani
–> passes through middle ear between malleus and incus before exiting through the petrotympanic fissure to join lingual nerve

131
Q

Nerve to stapedius

A

As facial nerve begins its vertical desscent in facial canal it gives off nerve to stapedius

132
Q

Nerve to chorda tympani

A

Just prior to exit from the skull at stylomastoid foramen the facial nerve gives off nerve to chorda tympani

  • -> passes through middle ear between malleus and incus before
  • -> exiting through the petrotympanic fissure to join lingual nerve
133
Q

Innervation of masseter

A

Innervated by masseteric nerve which is a branch of the mandibular nerve V3

O: Zygomatic arch and maxillary process of the zygomatic bone
I: Lateral surface of ramus of mandible
F: Elevation of the mandible

134
Q

Arterial supply to the masseter

A

Masseteric artery, a branch of the maxillary artery

135
Q

Innervation of temporalis

A

Innervated by the deep temporal nerves from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve V3

O: Bone of temporal fossa
I: Coronoid process of the mandible
F: Elevation and retraction of the mandible

136
Q

Arterial supply to the massater

A

Deep temporal artery

Middle temporal artery

137
Q

Innervation of the medial pterygoid muscle

A

Innervated by the nerve to the medial pterygoid which is a branch of the mandibular nerve V3

O:
Deep head: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
Superficial head: Tuberosity and pyramidal process of the maxilla
I: Medial surface of the mandible near angle of mandible
F: Elevation and side-to-side movement

138
Q

Innervation of the lateral pterygoid muscle

A

Innervated by nerve to lateral pterygoid which is a branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve V3

O: Roof of infratemporal fossa, lateral surface of lateral plate of pterygoid plate
I: Capsule of temporomandibular joint, pterygoid fovea on neck of mandible
F: Protrusion and side-to-side movement of mandible

139
Q

Contents of the temporal fossa

A

Temporalis muscle and fascia

Zygomaticotemporal nerve branch of maxillary nerve V2

140
Q

Borders of the infratemporal fossa

A

Roof: inferior surface of greater wing of sphenoid

Lateral: Medial surface of ramus of mandible

Medial: Lateral plate of pterygoid process and pharynx

Anterior: Posterior surface of maxilla

141
Q

Contents of infratemporal fossa

A

Sphenomandibular ligament

Medial pterygoid muscle

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Maxillary artery

Pterygoid plexus of veins

Mandibular nerve V3

Branches of facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

142
Q

Sphenomandibular ligament

A

Spine of sphenoid –> lingual of mandible and posterior margin of mandibular foramen

143
Q

Anterior trunk of mandibular nerve

A

All motor except buccinator branch which is sensory in addition to motor

  • -> Buccal nerve
  • ->Massateric nerve
  • -> Deep temporal nerves
  • -> Nerve to lateral pterygoig
144
Q

Posterior trunk of mandibular nerve

A

All sensory except motor supply to mylohyoid

  • ->Auriculotemporal nerve
  • -> Lingual nerve
  • -> Inferior alveolar nerve
  • -> Nerve to mylohyoid
145
Q

Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve

A

Branches off before division into anterior and posterior trunks

Ascends to leave the infra-temporal fossa with the middle meningeal artery

Through foramen spinosum –> cranial cavity

Sensory for the dura mater in middle cranial fossa + mastoid air cells

146
Q

Nerve to the medial pterygoid

A

Branches off the mandibular artery prior to division into anterior and posterior trunks *as does meningeal branch

Two branches

  • Tensor veli palatini muscle
  • Tensor tympani muscle
147
Q

Buccal nerve

A

Branch of anterior trunk of mandibular nerve

Sensory nerve

  • Area over buccinator
  • Buccal gingivae of lower molars

Motor innervation:

  • Lateral pterygoid muscle
  • Temporalis
148
Q

Auriculotemporal nerve

A

First branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

Originates as two roots

Pass around the middle meningeal artery

Ascends deep to parotid gland
–> supplies post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres from glossopharyngeal nerve to parotid

Ascends between temporomandibular joint and ear

Sensory:
External ear
External auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane
Tempormandibular joint
149
Q

Lingual nerve

A

Branch of posterior trunk of mandibular nerve

Sensory

  • General sensation to anterior 2/3rds tongue
  • Oral mucosa and floor of oral cavity
  • Lignual gingiva associated with lower teeth

Lingual nerve joined in infra-temporal by the chord tympani which is a branch of the facial nerve

  • Carries taste for anterior 2/3rds of tongue]
  • Parasympathetic fibres to all salivary glands below the level of the oral fissure

Anatomy (22 decks)

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