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Anatomy > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve I

Special afferent fibres
-Sense of smell

Peripheral processes act as receptors in nasal mucosa

Central procsss join into small bundles and project through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid

Terminate by synapsing with secondary neurons in the olfactory bulb

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2
Q

Opic nerve

A

Cranial nerve II

Special afferent fibres
-Vision

Technically an extension of the brain as it has all three menigeal coverings

Optic nerve passes from optic chiasm under dura to enter optic canal

Enters orbit between tendons of origin of rectus muscles

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3
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

Cranial nerve III

Two types of fibre:

  • General somatic efferent (GSE)
  • ->Superior rectus
  • ->Inferior rectus
  • ->Medial rectus
  • ->Inferior oblique
  • ->Levator palpebrae superioris

GVE fibres that are preganglionic parasympathetic fibres synapse in ciliary ganglion and innervate:

  • ->Spinchter pupillae muscle –> pupil constrictio
  • ->Ciliary muscles –> Accomodation of near

CN III leaves the anterior surface of the brainstem between the midbrain and the pons

Travels in lateral wall of cavernous sinus

Leaves cranial cavity through superior orbital fissure

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4
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

Cranial nerve IV

GSE fibres
–>Superior oblique muscle

Arises in the midbrain and is the only cranial nerve to exit from the posterior surface of the brainstem

Curves around midbrain

Runs in lateral wall of cavernous sinus

Exits via superior orbital fissure

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5
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

Cranial nerve V

GSA -Sensory input for:

  • Face
  • 1/2 of scalp
  • Mucous membranes of the:
  • -> oral and nasal cavities
  • ->paranasal sinuses
  • Nasopharynx
  • Ear
  • External auditory meatus
  • Part of tympanic membrane
  • Orbital contents and conjunctiva
  • Dura mater anterior and middle cranial fossa

BE (branchial efferent)

  • Muscles of mastication
  • Tensor tympani
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Mylohyoid
  • Anterior belly of digastric

BE (branchial efferent)

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6
Q

Course of the trigeminal nerve

A

Anterolateral surface of pons

Large sensory and small motor root

Expands in middle cranial fossa as trigeminal ganglion

Ganglion sits in trigeminal depression on anterior surface of petrous of temporal bone - covered with dura to form trigeminal cave

Three divisions arise from trigeminal ganglion
-Opthalmic nerve V1 –> Superior orbital fissure

  • Maxillary nerve V2 –> Foramen rotundum
  • Mandibular nerve V3 –> Foramen ovale
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7
Q

Opthalmic nerve

A

V1 branch of Trigeminal nerve CN V

Passes forward in lateral wall of cavernous sinus

Passes through superior orbital fissure to enter orbit

Divides at this point:
–> Frontal nerve which runs just beneath roof of orbit –> divides into cutaneous branches supra-orbital, supra-trochlear and infra-trochlear
Supply sensation to forehead, upper eyelid and upper nose

Gives rise to lacrimal nerve –> lacrimal gland

Gives off nasociliary nerve –> ethmoidal nerve and infratrochlear nerve
Ethmoidal branches provide sensation to lining of nasal cavity

Overall sensation supply to:
Eyes
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal gland
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal cells
Falx cerebri
Dura of anterior cranial fossa 
Superior parts of tentorium cerebelli
Upper eyelid
Dorsum of nose
Anterior scalp
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8
Q

Maxillary nerve

A

V2 branch of Trigeminal nerve CN V

Passes in lateral wall of cavernous sinus

Exits through foramen rotundum

Enters pterygopalatine fossa

Continuous with inferior orbital fissure superiorly as infra-orbital nerve –> floor of orbit –> intra-orbital foramina (palpebral, nasal and labial nerves)

During the pterygo-maxillary fissure gives off superior alveolar nerve which branches into anterior and posterior
–> subsequently forms a loop

Recieves sensory branches from:
Dura in middel cranial fossa
Nasopharynx
Palate
Nasal cavity
Teeth of maxilla
Maxillary sinus
Skin covering side of nose
Lower eyelid
Cheek
Upper lip
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9
Q

Pterygo-maxillary fissure

A

Between lateral pterygoid plate (of sphenoid)

AND

Back of maxilla

Maxillary nerve V2 emerges in pterygo-maxillary fissure

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10
Q

Inferior orbital fissure

A

Between maxilla

AND

Greater wing of sphenoid

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11
Q

Mandibular nevre

A

V3 branch of Trigeminal nerve CN V

Exits through the foramen ovale

Provides motor supply to:
Mastication
-Temporalis
-Masseter
-Medial pterygoids
-Lateral pterygoids
  • Tensor tympani
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Anterior belly of digastric
  • Mylohyoid muscles

Sensation to:

  • Skin of the lower face
  • Cheek
  • Lower lip
  • Anterior part of the external ear
  • Part of the external acoustic meatus
  • Temporal region
  • Anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (general sensation)
  • Teeth of the lower jaw
  • Mastoid air cells
  • Mucous membranes
  • Mandible
  • Dura of middle cranial fossa
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12
Q

Abducent nerve

A

Cranial nerve VI

Arises between pons and medulla

Passes forward piercing dura covering the clivus

Continues upwards in dural canal over petrous temporal bone

Crosses cavernous sinus

Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure

Innervates lateral rectus muscle of the eye

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13
Q

Facial nerve

A

Cranial nerve VII

Arises from between pons and medulla oblongata

Consists of small sensory roots (intermediate nerve) and larger motor nerve

Leave through internal acoustic meatus

Enter facial canal, two separate nerves fuse

Nerve enlarges as geniculate ganglion
–> Gives off greater petrosal nerve

Gives off nerves to stapedius and chorda tympani
–>Leave through stylomastoid foramen

Sensation:

  • External acoustic meatus and deeper parts of auricle
  • Special afferent with TASTE supply to anterior 2/3rds tongue

Parasympathetic supply to lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands
Glands in mucous membranes of nasal cavity, hard and soft palate

BE fibres
Scalp
Stapedius
Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid
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14
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Cranial nerve VII

Emerges from lateral brainstem between pons and medulla oblongata

Exit through internal acoustic meatus

Two components:
Vestibular
Cochlear

Special afferent:
Hearing
Balance

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15
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Cranial nerve IX

Arise as several rootlets anterolateral surface of medulla oblongata

Exits through jugular foramen

As it exits, forms inferior and superior ganglia ]

GVA fibres to carotid body and sinus

GSA fibres to posterior 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils, oropharynx, mucosa of middle ear and pharyngotympanic tube

SA fibres for TASTE of posterior 1/3 of tongue

GVE fibres, parasympathetic supply to parotid

BE fibres innervate stylopharyngess (3rd pharyngeal arch)

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16
Q

Tympanic nerve

A

Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
-either within or immediately outside of jugular foramen

Re-enters temporal bone

Enters middle ear

Forms tympanic plexus

Forms lesser petrosal nerve, exits temporal bone into middle cranial fossa, descends through foramen vale to otic ganglion

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17
Q

Accessory nerve

A

Cranial nerve XI

Arises from C1-C5

Ascend into cranial cavity through foramen magnum

Continues through posterior cranial cavity and exits through jugular foramen

Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

18
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

Cranial nerve XII

Arises anterior surface of the medulla

Leaves through hypoglossal canal

Innervate all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Genioglossus
19
Q

Dilated pupil

A

Oculomotor

Third nerve

20
Q

Inability to look inferiorly when eye is adducted (i.e. down and in)

A

Trochlear

Fourth nerve

21
Q

Loss of normal pupillary reflex

A

Oculomotor

Third nerve

22
Q

Loss of muscles of mastication

A

Trigeminal nerve

23
Q

Inability to move eyes laterally

A

Abducens

24
Q

Down and out pupil

A

Third nerve palsy

Surgical or medical

25
Q

Abnormal taste anterior tongue

A

Facial nerve

26
Q

Paralysis of face

A

Facial nerve

27
Q

Loss os sensation in soft palate

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

28
Q

Dry conjunctivae

A

Facial nerve

29
Q

Loss of taste posterior 1/3 tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

30
Q

Deviation of uvula

A

Vagus nerve

Uvula points to normal side

31
Q

Speech disturbance and tongue atrophy

A

Hypoglossal nerve

Deviation towards the affected side

32
Q

Branches of the facial nerve

A

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Marginal mandibular

Cervical

33
Q

Temporal branch of facial nerve

A

Exits from the superior border of the parotid gland

Supplies muscles:

  • Forehead
  • Temple
  • Supra-orbital area
34
Q

Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve

A

Exits from the anteroposterior area of parotid gland

Supplies muscles:

  • Infra-orbital area
  • Lateral nasal area
  • Upper lip
35
Q

Buccal branch of the facial nerve

A

Exits from the anterior border of the parotid gland

Supplies muscles:

  • Cheek
  • Upper lip
  • Corner of mouth
36
Q

Marginal mandibular of the facial nerve

A

Exits from the anteroinferior border of parotid gland

Supplies muscles:
-Lower lip and chin

37
Q

Cervical branch of the facial nerve

A

Exits from the inferior border of the parotid gland

Supplies platysma

38
Q

Passes through foramen ovale

A 
O tic ganglion
V3 (Mandibular nerve:3rd branch of trigeminal)
A ccessory meningeal artery
L esser petrosal nerve
E missary vein
39
Q

Cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibres

A

X IX VII III (1973)

The parasympathetic functions served by the cranial nerves include:
III (oculomotor) Pupillary constriction and accommodation
VII (facial) Lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual glands
IX (glossopharyngeal) Parotid
X (vagus) Heart and abdominal viscera

40
Q

Functions of the facial nerve

A

Supply - ‘face, taste, ear, tear’
Face: muscles of facial expression

Ear: nerve to stapedius

Taste: supplies anterior two-thirds of tongue\

Tear: parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal glands, also salivary glands

Anatomy (22 decks)

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