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FWS Exam > Loire Valley > Flashcards

Loire Valley Flashcards

1
Q

`1What is Loire region known as?

A

Le Jardin de la France

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2
Q

What is the well known facts about Loire?

A

4th most popular toursit destination, France’s largest white wine region, second largest sparkling wine product, france’s 3rd largest overall producer of aoc wines.

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3
Q

What cheese is famous in Loire?

A

goat cheese, 70% of France production

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4
Q

During middle age, Loire became the dividing point between ___ and ___.

A

Latin influenced south

Celtic-Germanic influenced north

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5
Q

Which town was Joan of Arc from

A

Chinon

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6
Q

The impact the Dutch had upon the region?

A

Industrious Dutch traders, influenced the locals to plant an increasing percentage of the vineyards with white cultivars (Mascadet and Folle Blance) so that the Dutch could produce their newly created beverage: brandewijn (burnt wine), a product that was distilled from these grapes and sold to the northern European markets.

For the next two centuries, this area was the source of the widly popular french “brandy wine”

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7
Q

What are the initial AOCs in Loire from 1935?

A

Quincy, Anjou, Muscadet, Sancerre and Vouvray

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8
Q

The path of Loire River

A

Stretch more than 620 miles

from headwater in Central France to its delta on the Atlantic Coast

Empty into the bay of Biscay

North of Cognac, south of Normandy, east of the Atlantic Ocean, West of Bourgogne and the Massif Central mountain range.

Glow north from its source, turns west at Orleans. While flowing north, its vineyards flank its east/west facing slopes. After turning westwards, vineyard flankt is north/sourth banks.

can always find south facing slopes and they are most desired due to the optimized sun exposure.

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9
Q

How the river impacts the temperature?

A

helps to warm the vineyard that flank it, the temperature near the river are 2-4 degrees warmer, the tributaries assist in creating mesoclimates suitable to ripening grapes.

The Gulf stream funneling soft breezes from the Atlantic coast

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10
Q

What are the main sub regions and climates?

A

Pays Nantais/Lower Loire - maritime

Anjou, Saumur and Touraine/Middle Loire - maritime climate with continental influence

Centre and Upper Loire - continental

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11
Q

__ percent of the wine in Loire has AC status

A

75

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12
Q

IGP represents __ percent of the Loire’s total production

A

14

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13
Q

What is one of the largest IGPs in Loire?

A

IGP Val de Loire (formerly known as Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France)

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14
Q

Vins Sans IG present __ percent of the total wine production

A

11

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15
Q

What is the biggest thread to Pays Nantais in the winter?

A

frosts and ice storms

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16
Q

True or False: chaptalization is permitted in Loire.

A

True

Because Loire has inadequate sunshine sometimes.

Only does this when necessary.

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17
Q

The soil of Pays Nantais

A

flat coastline, hotbed of volcanic soil, Gneiss (porous rocks) can provide critical drainage for the vine/root.

sub soil - mostly crystalline igneous rocks. taken from the Latin “ignis”: meaning fire

volcanic rocks are known for very high mineral

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18
Q

Main white grapes for Pays Nantais

A

chardonnay

Chenin Blanc

Folle Blance

Muscade

Pinot Gris

Sauvignon Blanc

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19
Q

What is other name for Chenin Blanc?

A

Pineau de la Loire

Gros Pineau

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20
Q

The other name for Folle Blance

A

Gros Plant

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21
Q

What is the other name for Muscadet

A

Melon de Bourgogne

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22
Q

What is the other name for Pinot Gris

A

Malvoisie

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23
Q

What are the main red grapes for Pays Nantais?

A

Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay, Negrette, Pinot Noir

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24
Q

The main AOCs to remember in Pays Nantais subregion?

A

Muscadet AOC

Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC

Muscadet Cotes de Grandlieu AOC

Muscadet Sevre Et Maine AOC

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25
Q

Muscadet AOC

A

cover the entire Pays Nantais, but only responsible for 20% of all Muscadet

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26
Q

Muscadet Coteau De La Loire AOC

A
  • smallest regional Muscadet AOC

North of Nantes on both sides of Loire River

posses pronounced minerality

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27
Q

Muscadet Cotes De Granlieu AOC

A

Southwest of Nantes

along Lake Grand Lieu

wines are fresh and fruity

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28
Q

Muscadet Sevre Et Maine AOC

A

75% of all of the AOC Muscadet bottled

named after two ricers: La Sevre Nantaise and La Petite Main

Mostly consumed sur place (locally) but Paris is the largest client

Most production is carried out by large negociants and co-operaties

easy drink in expensive wines

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29
Q

Sur Lie

A

All Muscadet appellations can be aged sur lie.

The dead yeast impart mannoproteins, molecules consisting of a sugar protain bond, that give the wines creaminess and a rounded mouthfeel. Can be cloudy but are usually racked and filtered before bottling.

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30
Q

Wines labeled “sur lie” must be bottled between the ___ and ___ the year after harvesst

A

4/1

11/30

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31
Q

The subcategories of Muscadet Sevre Et Main AOC

A

Muscadet Sevre et Maine Clisson - granite gravel and galets, dried fruit character. most concentrated flavor profile. has minimum of 24 months ageing sur lie

Muscadet Sevre et Maine Gorges - clay rick in quartz, green volcanic rock called gabbros. wine with minerality and a touch of smoke. late-maturing wines. minimum of 24 months in sur lie but often 40 months

Muscadet Sevre et Maine Le Pallet - on gneiss and gabbros, pronounced floral clement. 17 months aging sur lie

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32
Q

How are the crus different from the other Muscade Sevre Et Maine AOC?

A

lower yield

grapes with higher degree of ripeness

longer minimum sur lie aging requirement

may NOT put the term “sur lie” on the label

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33
Q

What are the dominate grapes for Anjou and Saumur?

A

Chenin Blanc

Cab Franc

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34
Q

The main sub-regions for Anjou and Saumur?

A

Anjou (area around Angers)

Layon (Layon river), it is within the Anjou zone but singled out for sweet wine production

Saumur (around city Saumur)

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35
Q

The climate of Anjou/Saumur?

A

Maritime Climate with Continental Influences

slightly colder in winter/warmer in summer compared to Pays Nantais

but more temperate compared to Sancerre or Upper Loire

dual climate

bright acidity in both red and white

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36
Q

Tuffeau

A

chalk. Turonian chalk.

formed during 89-93 millon years ago

first classified by French paleontologist Alcide d’Orbigny who named it after the city of Tours

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37
Q

The soil types in Anjou

A

dark schist and white chalk

the tuffeau is interspersed with pockets of clay, gravel and shale.

Most of the schist soils lie in the western portions of the appellation.

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38
Q

What is the soil for Sammur?

A

possesses tuffeau as well.

Calcium-rich soils, with significant acidity.

For this reason, Saumur has been a shining start in Cremant production.

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39
Q

Where is red planted in Anjou/Saumur?

A

warm soil

lower acid, more fruit-driven reds with soft tannins

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40
Q

What is the more popular soil type for sweet wine in Anjou/Saumur?

A

schist

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41
Q

What are the white grape varities in Anjou/Saumur?

A

Arbois

Chardonnay

Chenin Blanc

Sauvignon Blanc

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42
Q

What are the red grape varieties in Anjou/Saumur? Cab France

A

Cab

Gamay

Grolleau Gris

Pineau d’Aunis

Pinot Noir

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43
Q

What are the other names for Arbois?

A

Orbois

Menu Pineau

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44
Q

What grape is mainly used for sparkling in Anjou/Saumur?

A

Chardonnay

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45
Q

What grape is predominantly used for still whites?

A

Sauvignon blanc

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46
Q

What is the most widely planted red grape for middle Loire?

A

Cab Franc

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47
Q

What is another name for Grolleau?

A

Groslot

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48
Q

What is the principal grape used for rose production?

A

Grolleau

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49
Q

Sub categories for sparkling wines in the Middle Loire?

A

Petillants

Mousseux

Cremant

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50
Q

Petillants

A

half the pressure as Mousseux and Cremant.

methode traditionelle

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51
Q

Petillants meaning __.

A

Fizzy

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52
Q

Mousseux

A

Methode Traditionelle

minimum of 3 atm pressure

less demanding production standards

a minimum 9 months sur lie

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53
Q

Mousseux means __.

A

frothy or bubbly

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54
Q

Cremant in Anjou/Saumur

A

Method Traditionnelle

12 months ageing on lees

one month in the bottle before release

The only sparkling wine in Loire with regulation concerning pressing (weight of the grapes/volume of juice extracted

sweet wines are made exclusively from Chenin

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55
Q

What is the sparking wine that has regulation of pressing

A

Cremant in middle Loire

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56
Q

What grape used for sweet wine in Crement Middle Loire?

A

Chenin

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57
Q

What AOC does river Layon run through

A

Coteaux du Layon

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58
Q

cher river for which aoc in loire

A

AOC Touraine-Noble-Joué

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59
Q

Which side of the Loire river does most Anjou vineyards exist?

A

left bank

with exception of Savennieres and the two AOCs within

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60
Q

Which AOC is on the right bank of Loire in Anjou

A

Savennieres and the two AOCs within

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61
Q

What grapes are used for rose wine in Anjou?

A

Cab Franc and Cab Sauvignon as the main.

62
Q

Anjou Blanc AOC

A

dry or off dry whites

80% of Chenin

63
Q

Anjou Rough AOC

A

70% of Cab Frane and Cab Sauvignon

Grolleau and Pineau d’Aunis can seve as blending partner

64
Q

Anjou Villages, Anjou Villages Brissac AOC?

A

crafted from Cab France and Cab Sauvignon

65
Q

Anjou Gamay AOC

A

Gamay

light, fruity reds

consume within 1-3 years

can be vinified as premeur (3rd Thursday of Nov)

66
Q

Anjou Coteaux De La Loire AOC

A

sweet wine

Chenin

botrytis

67
Q

Anjou Mousseux AOC

A

white and rose sparking

Chenin up to 60%

Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Malbec etc are vinifed as blanc de noir

68
Q

Bonnezeaux AOC

A

sweet wine

chenin

long hang time and botrytis

69
Q

Cabernet D’Anjou AOC

A

rose

made from both cabernets

off dry to sweet

min 1% RS

70
Q

Cremant De La Loire AOC

A

white and rose sparkling

blend from Chenin, Chardonnay, Cab Franc and others

By law, Cab Sauvignon and Pineau d’Aunis must be less than 30%

71
Q

List of Middle Loire Sweet Wines made from Chenin?

A

Anjou-Coteaux de la Loire

Bonnezeaux

Coteaux de Layon Chaume 1er Cru

Coteaux de Layon

Coteaux de Layon + village

Coteaux de L’Aubance

Quarts de Chaume Grand Cru

72
Q

What is the highest minimum RS for any non fortified dessert wine in France

A

Quarts de Chaume

8.5% RS

73
Q

Which AOC can label “Grand Cru” on the label?

A

Quarts de Chaume

74
Q

Rose D’Anjou AOC

A

off dry rose with a minimum 0.7% RS

Grolleau as the main grape

75
Q

Rose de Loire AOC

A

rose sourced from anywhere in the middle Loire

always dry

authorized grapes: both cabs, gamay, Grolleau etc.

76
Q

What are the main AOCs for rose in Anjou/Saumur?

A

Cabernet d’Anjou (sweet)

Rose d’Anjou (off dry)

Rose de Loire: always dry

77
Q

Which rose AOC in Anjou allows Malbec

A

Rose d’Anjou

78
Q

Which rose AOC in Anjou/Saumur allows Pinot Noir?

A

Rose de Loire

79
Q

Savennieres AOC

A

right bank

believe to be the most age-worthy whites

many dont not enter prime til two decades

exclusively chenin blanc

soils of slate schist and clay

loaded with extract, acidity and minerality

turning from pale straw to burnishet gold

mostly dry, others allowed

hand harvested, at least two passes

min 11%

80
Q

What are the two climats/AOC within Savennieres AOC?

A

Coulee de Serrant

La Roche aux Moines

prohibit chaptalization

low yields

high min must weight

longer ageing period than regular Savennieres

81
Q

Difference between sec, demi-sec, moelleux and doux

A

Sec - 0.3 RS

Demi-Sec - 0.3-1.8

Moelleux - 1.8-4.5

Doux > 4.5 %

82
Q

Savennieres Coulee De Serrant AOC

A

belongs to Nicolas Joly

red schist

farmed biodynamically

83
Q

Savennieres Roche AUX Moines AOC

A

within Savennieres AOC

steep schist slope

84
Q

What is Saumur AOC known for?

A

Sparkling wine

85
Q

fines bulles means

A

fine bubbles, genral term for sparkling Lorie wines

86
Q
A
87
Q

Cabernet de Saumur AOC

A

rose crafted in a dryer, lighter style than the Cabernet d’Anjou.

crafted from both cabs

88
Q

Coteaux de Saumur AOC

A

white crafted from Chenin

late harvest, hand picked, botrytized

off dry to sweet

89
Q

Saumur Blanc AOC

A

still white

Chennin Blanc

2016 was the last that permitted the addition of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay

90
Q

Saumur Rouge, Saumur Champigny and Saumur Puy-Norte-Dame AOCs

A

red

cab franc

Rouge and Champgny allows for the addition of Cab Sauvignon and Pineau d’Aunis

Puy-Notre-Dame allows Cab

91
Q
A
92
Q

Meaning of Champigny

A

field of fire

warm mesoclimate

93
Q

Saumur Mousseux AOX

A

referred as Saumur Burt

made from Chennin with up to 40% Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc and others

must age 9 months sur lie

94
Q

Saumur Mousseua Rose AOC

A

the same red grapes as Saumur Mousseux blanc but Cab France ust comprise at least 60% of the blend.

must age 9 months sur lie.

95
Q

The soils of Middle Loire

A

Tuffeau can be found on the hillside

perruche (flint and clay) and aubuis (limestone and clay) and found near river

both perruche and aubuis have pockets of gravels (gravieres) and sands

96
Q

Perruche

A

flint and clay

97
Q

Aubuis

A

limestone and clay

98
Q

Gravels

A

Gravieres

99
Q

What is the character of wines produced in Vouvray, Montlouis and Amboise?

A

vibrant acidity

tuffeau soil

100
Q

What is the soil for Chinon and Azay-le-Rideau?

A

chalky-sandy gravel soils - white, heighten acidity

sand and gravel - red, fruit and aroma

101
Q

The soil of Bourgueil and St Nicolas de Bourgueil?

A

patches of sandy-gravels with chalk pebbles interpersed with slopes of pure tuffeau

racy wines from tuffeau

richly perfumed wines of gravieres

102
Q

What are the white grapes of Touraine?

A

in addition to Anjou/Saumur grapes, also has

Romorantin

103
Q

What is another name of Chardonnay in Touraine?

A

Auvernat Blanc

104
Q

Where is Romorantin grown in Touraine?

A

Cour-Cheverny

105
Q

What are the additional red grapes in Touraine?

A

Pinot Gris

Pinot Meunier

Malbec

Merlot

Sauvignon Gris

106
Q

What is another name for Cab Grance in Touraine?

A

Breton

107
Q

What is another name for Pinot Noir in Touraine?

A

Auvernat Noir

108
Q

What is another name for Pinot Meunier in Touraine?

A

Gris Meunier

109
Q

Bourgueil AOC

A

North of Chinon

Cab Fran

medium body and fairly tannic

110
Q

Cheverny AOC

A

wine law mandates the percentage of each grape variety planted, not the the grape going into the bottle

111
Q

Which AOC has regulation on the grape vari

A
112
Q

What is the main grape for Cheverny whites

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Sauvignon Gris

113
Q

What is the main grape in Cheverny red?

A

Pinot Noir

Rose follows the similar formula

114
Q

Chinon AOC

A
  • soils of tuffeau and on composites of sand, gravel and clay
  • Red grown on south-facing tuffeau, medium body wine, similar to Bourgueil
  • Red grown on sand/gravel/clay more fresh and fruity, similar to St Nicolas de Bourgueil
  • Largest AOC in Loire
  • White, 100% chenin
115
Q

Coteaux Du Loir AOC

A
  • right bank of the Loir tributary
  • floral whites from Chenin
  • red/roses from Pineau d’Aunis
116
Q

Coteaux Du Vendomois

A
  • wine law mandates the percentage of each grape variety planted
  • white from Chenin and Chardonnay

Red from Pinear d’Aunis

117
Q

Cour-Cheverny AOC

A

a dry white AOC lying within Cheverny AOC

100% Romorantin

118
Q

Haut-Poitou AOC

A
  • North of Poitiers and south of Toouraine/Anjou
  • White sauvignon blanc

Red mostly Cab Franc

119
Q

What is the smallest Loir Valley AOC

A

Jasnieres AOC

120
Q

What wine does Jasnieres AOC produce?

A

100% chenin

121
Q

Montlouis-Sur-Loire AOC

A
  • white application
  • within Touraine AOC

bordered by the Cher and the Loire

Chenin Blanc

driest to sweetest

both late harvest and botrytis

122
Q

Montlouis-Sur-Loire Mousseux and Petillant AOC

A

Chenin Blanc

Petillant and Mousseux must age 9 months on its lees

123
Q

Orleans AOC

A

By law, whites are made from >= 60% chardonnay

(in practice, most are 100% chardonnay)

124
Q

What is another name for Chardonnay in Orleans AOC?

A

Auvernat Blanc

125
Q

Red wine from Touraine, what is the typical color?

A

garnet

126
Q

What is the typical red wine grape from Touraine?

A

Cab France

served slightly chill (capture acidity)

127
Q

Saint-Nicolas-De-Bourgueil AOC

A
  • Lies to the west of Bourgueil on warmer soils containing high percentage of sand.
  • Mostly Cab Franc (mostly 100%)
  • more generous fruit than Chinon and Bourgueil
  • early consuming
128
Q

Touraine

A
  • wine law mandates the percentages of each grape planted.
  • white: blend of SB(80%) and SG(20%)
  • Rose. No one grape can comprise more than 70%
  • Red predominantly Cab F and Cot blends
  • can add village to the label
  • A vin gris, labeled as Touraine Noble Joue, is fashioned out of Pinot Meunier
  • Touraine Mesland red and rose are mainly Gamay with the balance in Cot and CF
129
Q

Touraine Mousseux and Petillant AOC

A
  • white or rose
  • traditional blend is Chenin Blanc/Chardonnay or Orbois/Chardonnay
130
Q

Vouvray AOC

A
  • right bank
  • within regional Touraine AOC
  • Chenin blanc, dry of sweet
  • Sec, Demi-Sec, Moelleux and Doux
131
Q

Vouvray Mousseux and Vouvray Petillant AOCs

A

Chenin Blanc

12 months aging sur lie

132
Q

Which region produces the most obscure bottlings?

A

Uppe Loire

133
Q

Which region produces Lorie’s most well known wines?

A

Center Loire

134
Q

What are the most famous AOCs in center Loire?

A

Sancerre

Pouilly-Fume

135
Q

What are the most dominant red/white grapes for Center/Upper Loire?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

Pinot Noir

136
Q

What the main red/white grapes for Upper Loire?

A

Chardonnay and Sacy for whites

Gamay and Pinot Noir

137
Q

Climate of Center/Upper Loire

A

continental

largest diurnal and seasonal temperature swings

winter prone to frost and ice

spring short and variable

sauvignon bland is hardy and resistant to fungal diseases

138
Q

The soil of center Loire

A

Terres Blanchers: marl rich in oyster fossils

Caillottes: little limestone pebbles

Silex: flint

Terres Blanches and Silex produce wine of vibrant acidity

Silex adds a unique gunflint /smoke finish

Cailottes with a little less structure (less acidity)

all soil types rest atop a base of Kimmeridgean limestones

139
Q

The soil of Upper Loire

A

limestone rich soil - western appellations

granite - eastern appellations

140
Q

What are the primary white grapes of Upper Loire?

A

Chardonnay

Chasselas

Sacy

Sauvignon Blanc (the principal grape)

141
Q

What is another name for Sacy?

A

Tressallier

142
Q

What is anther name for Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Blance Fume (smoky white)

143
Q

What are the primary red grape of Upper Loire?

A

Pinot Noir

Gamay

Gamay Saint Romain

Pinot Gris

Sauvignon Gris

144
Q

Menetou-Salon AOC

A

Centre Loire

style simialr to Sancerre (SB and PN)

The Kimmeridgean soil impacts by imparting a nervy, racy and vibrant acidity and kinetic core of minerality

145
Q

Pouilly-Fume AOC

A

Centre Loire

Only white

unique gunflint/smokey finish (grown on flint)

146
Q

Pouilly-Sur-Loire AOC

A

white wines from Chasselas

same zone as Pouilly Fume

Center Loire

147
Q

Quincy AOC

A

Centre Loire

SB,

located on plateaus near Cher river

148
Q

Reuilly AOC

A

white wine from SB

reds/roses from PN

149
Q

Sancerre AOC

A

Center Loire

red, white and rose

SB high minerality and lemon grass

has all three soil types

Red/Rose elegant, soft tannin

150
Q

What grape is used for the dessert wines of Loire

A

Chenin

151
Q

Two ways to make dessert wines in Loire

A
  • infected with botrytis cinerea
  • passerillage, grapes are allowed to wither on the vine due to the overextended hang time, sun exposure
152
Q
A

FWS Exam (15 decks)

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