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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > LOCOMOTION - Lameness and Gait Recognition > Flashcards

LOCOMOTION - Lameness and Gait Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is lameness?

A

Lameness is the incapability of normal locomotion or deviation from the normal gait

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2
Q

How would you describe a dairy cow with a lameness score of 0 (good mobility)?

A

A cow with a lameness score of 0 should walk with even weight bearing and rhythm on all four feet with a flat back

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3
Q

How would you describe a dairy cow with a lameness score of 1 (imperfect mobility)?

A

A cow with a lameness score of 1 has uneven rhythm and/or weight bearing or shortened strides. The affected limbs or limb will not be immediately identifiable

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4
Q

What is the course of action required if a dairy cow has a lameness score of 1?

A

The cow should receive routine foot trimming if needed and undergo further observation

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5
Q

How would you describe a dairy cow with a lameness score of 2 (impaired mobility)?

A

A cow with a lameness score of 2 has uneven weight bearing on a limb that is immediately identifiable and/or has obviously shortened strides. With a lameness score of 2, the cow usually has an arch at the centre of their back

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6
Q

What is the course of action required if a dairy cow has a lameness score of 2?

A

The cow should have their foot lifted to establish the course of treatment and be attended to as soon as possible

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7
Q

How would you describe a dairy cow with a lameness score of 3 (severely impaired mobility)?

A

A cow with a lameness score of 3 has the same clinical signs as a score 2 cow however is also unable to keep up with the healthy herd

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8
Q

What is the course of action required if a dairy cow has a lameness score of 3?

A

The cow requires urgent attention and further professional advice. The cow should not be made to walk and should be kept on grass or straw. In severe cases, culling may be the only option

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9
Q

Describe the overgrowth cycle of the bovine hoof

A

Increased pressure on the feet will cause an increased growth rate resulting in a loss of normal weight distribution which can result in a grossly malformed foot predisposed to several causes of lameness

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10
Q

Where on the bovine hoof does overgrowth occur and how does this affect weight-bearing?

A

In the bovine hoof, overgrowth occurs abaxially and anteriorly, causing weightbearing to shift posteriorly

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11
Q

What are the three steps required to prepare for a corrective bovine foot trim?

A

Assessment of the cow
Clean the foot
Carry out safety procedures

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12
Q

What are the five steps to a corrective bovine foot trim?

A
  1. Correct the length of the dorsal hoof wall
  2. Reduce excessive sole
  3. Shape the axial surface
  4. Attend to obvious problems with the foot
  5. Attend to the heels
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13
Q

How long should the bovine dorsal hoof wall be?

A

75mm between the coronary band and the tip of the toe

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14
Q

Which instrument is used to correct the length of the dorsal hoof wall during a bovine corrective trim?

A

Hand nippers

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15
Q

List three examples of solar lesions that commonly cause bovine lameness

A

Solar bruising
Solar ulcers
Solar abrasion

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16
Q

What causes bovine solar lesions?

A

Solar lesions are caused by repetitive, excessive trauma to the sole such as standing for too long or walking too far

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17
Q

List two examples of white line lesions that commonly cause bovine lameness

A

White line abscess
Axial wall lesion

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18
Q

What causes bovine white line lesions?

A

White line lesions are caused by weakening of the interdigitation between the epidermal and dermal laminae due to twisting of the foot, softening by constant moisture, sharp stones or laminitis

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19
Q

List three examples of skin lesions that commonly cause bovine lameness

A

Digital dermatitis
Interdigital dermatitis
Interdigital necrobacillosis

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20
Q

Which bacteria causes bovine digital/interdigital dermatitis?

A

Mixed treponema bacteria infection

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21
Q

How should bovine interdigital dermatitis be treated?

A

Repeated foot baths and topical antibiotic spray

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22
Q

What is the main bacteria that causes interdigital necrobacillosis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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23
Q

How should interdigital necrobacillosis be treated?

A

Systemic antibiotics

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24
Q

Identify this bovine hoof lesion

A

Solar bruising

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25
Identify this bovine hoof lesion
Solar ulcer
26
Identify this bovine hoof lesion
Solar abrasion
27
Identify this bovine hoof lesion
White line abscess
28
Identify this bovine hoof lesion
Axial wall lesion
29
Identify this bovine hoof lesion
Digital dermatitis
30
Identify this bovine hoof lesion
Interdigital dermatitis
31
Identify this bovine hoof lesion
Interdigital necrobacillosis
32
Which factors should be considered when designing a roadway for cattle to reduce the lameness risk?
Dry Smooth/even surface Wide enough to prevent congestion (and allow dominance)
33
Why is it so important to provide cattle with comfortable surfaces to lie down on?
If cattle are inclined to lie down, they spend less time standing and thus there are lower lameness risks as their feet will be under less pressure
34
Which three factors can increase standing time for cattle?
Poor access to beds Poor cubicle design Time locked out of the bedded area
35
How would you describe a horse with a lameness score of 0 according to the AAEP scale?
Lameness not identifiable
36
How would you describe a horse with a lameness score of 1 according to the AAEP scale?
Lameness is difficult to observe and not consistently apparent regardless of the circumstances
37
How would you describe a horse with a lameness score of 2 according to the AAEP scale?
Lameness is difficult to observe at a walk or when trotting in a straight line but consistently apparent under certain circumstances (lunge and ridden)
38
How would you describe a horse with a lameness score of 3 according to the AAEP scale?
Lameness is consistently observable at a trot under all circumstances (straight line, lunge and ridden)
39
How would you describe a horse with a lameness score of 4 according to the AAEP scale?
Lameness is obvious at a walk with a marked head nod or shortened stride
40
How would you describe a horse with a lameness score of 5 according to the AAEP scale?
Lameness causes minimal weight-bearing in motion or at rest with a marked head nod or a complete inability to move
41
What is a stride cycle in terms of the equine gait?
A stride cycle is a complete cycle of repetitive movements of a pair of limbs for a particular gait
42
What are the three phases of the stride cycle?
Stance (foot on ground) Push off Swing (limb swings forward)
43
Describe the normal head movement for a full forelimb stride cycle
Head moves up and down twice Minimum head height occurs mid stance Maximum head height occurs prior to start of stance phase of contralateral limb
44
Describe the normal tuber sacrale (pelvis) movement for a full hindlimb stride cycle
Tuber sacrale moves up and down twice Minimum pelvis height occurs mid stance Maximum pelvis height occurs prior to start of stance phase of contralateral limb
45
Describe the normal tuber coxae (pelvis) movement for a full hindlimb stride cycle
Tuber coxae at minimum height during ipsilateral stance phase Tuber coxae at maximum height during ipsilateral push-off phase
46
How can you identify forelimb lameness?
There will be less downward head movement on the lame limb compared to the 'sound' limb as the horse will be attempting to reduce weight bearing on the lame limb | "down on the sound, up on the lame"
47
How can the head movement differ with severe pain on weight bearing (i.e. severe lameness)?
The head can move upward during the stance phase (usually the min height phase) to further reduce weight bearing
48
What are the four steps of equine lameness investigation?
1. Take a focused history 2. Focused physical examination 3. Gait evaluation 4. Diagnostics
49
Which diagnostic techniques are often used during equine lameness investigation?
Diagnostic local analgesia Diagnostic imaging
50
Which five things should you ask about when gathering patient data during an equine lameness evaluation?
Age, breed, sex? Use of the horse? Was a pre-purchase examination performed? Duration of ownership? Management (exercise, shoeing, feeding)?
51
Which four things should you ask about when gathering patient medical history during an equine lameness evaluation?
Owner description of the lameness (severity, nature of onset, progression) External trauma Response to therapy Previous lameness
52
What should you evaluate via subjective observation during an equine lameness evaluation?
Posture Asymmetry Body condition scoring Foot and limb confirmation
53
What should you carry out during objective observation during an equine lameness evaluation?
Palpation Manipulation Compare left and right limbs
54
Which five factors are you looking for when you carry out equine limb palpation?
Heat Pain Swelling Muscle atrophy Digital pulse strength
55
Which three factors are you looking for when you carry out equine limb manipulation?
Pain Range of joint movement Instability
56
What is indicated by increased digital pulse strength?
Inflammation
57
What is indicated by decreased digital pulse strength?
Poor peripheral perfusion caused by shock or an impaired blood supply
58
Which instrument is used to identify areas of foot sensitivity during an equine lameness exam?
Hoof pinchers
59
What should be carried out if a region of foot sensitivity is identified during an equine lameness exam?
If an area of sensitivity is identified, use a hoof knife to remove the superficial solar horn within the sensitive areas to carry out a more detailed inspection
60
What should be carried out during a gait evaluation?
Watch the horse walk and trot in a straight line and watch the horse lunge in a trot or canter in both directions
61
When should you avoid carrying out a gait evaluation during an equine lameness exam?
If you suspect a fracture
62
What are the three perineural (nerve block) techniques that can be carried out?
Palmer/planter digital nerve block Abaxial sesamoid nerve block Low four point nerve block
63
What is the most appropriate local anaesthetic to use for an equine nerve block?
Mepivacaine
64
Which type of needle should be used for an equine nerve block?
25g 5/8" (orange one)
65
How should you prepare the site for an equine nerve block?
1. Clip excess hair 2. Clean site with chlorhexidine 3. Clean injection site with alcohol
66
Where is the palmer/planter digital nerve located relative to the vein and artery within the neurovascular bundle?
The palmer/planter digital nerve is the most axial structure within the neuromuscular bundle
67
Where should you insert the needle during a palmer/planter digital nerve block?
Insert the needle distally into the palmer/planter nerve over the palmer/planter aspect of the distal pastern, both medially and laterally
68
Which six structures are desensitised by a palmer/planter digital nerve block?
Navicular bone Navicular bursa Distal deep digital flexor tendon Digital cushion Distal interpahalangeal joint Distal phalanx
69
Where should you insert the needle during an abaxial sesamoid nerve block?
Insert the needle into the dorsal and palmer/planter digital nerves over the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones, both medially and laterally
70
Which six structures are desensitised by an abaxial sesamoid nerve block?
Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint Distal sesamoidean ligaments Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Fetlock joint
71
What should you do if blood appears in the needle hub during a palmer/planter digital equine nerve block?
Redirect the needle axially without removing it
72
How does evaluating limb conformation help to identify causes of equine lameness?
Abnormal limb conformation can often be an indicator of specific musculoskeletal diseases and thus help to indicate causes of lameness
73
What causes abnormal limb conformations?
Abnormal limb conformations can be caused by abnormal pre- or postnatal musculoskeletal development, secondary to orthopaedic disease or due to inadequate foot care
74
What is carpal valgus?
Carpal valgus is the medial deviation of the carpal joint accompanied by outward deviation of the limb
75
What can occur if the carpal joint is deviated more than 4° due to carpal vagus?
Joint disease
76
What is sickle hocks?
Sickle hocks is excessive angulation of the hock
77
What are the common consequences of dorsopalmer foot imbalance (long toe, low heels)?
Increased loading of the heels, deep digital flexor tendon and the navicular bone (distal sesamoid)
78
What are the common consequences of mediolateral foot imbalance?
The longer side of the hoof wall will hit the ground first and receive more impact leading to tearing and bruising of the dermal laminae on that side
79
How can dorsopalmer and mediolateral foot imbalance be corrected?
Farriery
80
What is the normal four beat pattern seen in a walking horse?
Right hindlimb -> Right forelimb -> Left hindlimb -> Left forelimb
81
What is the normal two beat pattern seen in a trotting horse?
Right hindlimb and Left forelimb -> Left hindlimb and right forelimb
82
What is the normal three beat pattern seen in a right lead canter?
Left hindlimb -> Right forelimb and Left forelimb -> Right hindlimb
83
What is the normal three beat pattern seen in a left lead canter?
Right hindlimb -> Left forelimb and Right forelimb -> Left hindlimb
84
What are the canine and feline species differences when it comes to lameness presentation?
Canines are more likely to present with physical indications of lameness however felines are more likely to only present with behavioural and lifestyle changes
85
What are the six steps of a gait evaluation in small animals?
Evaluate animal sitting Evaluate animal rising from sitting Standing Walking/running Turning Up and down stairs
86
(T/F) When carrying out a physical examination, you should examine the lame leg last
TRUE.
87
Which four factors are you looking for when you carry out small animal limb palpation?
Heat Pain Swelling Muscle atrophy
88
Which three factors are you looking for when you carry out small animal limb manipulation?
Pain Range of joint movement Instability
89
Which manipulation test can be used to indicate hip dysplasia?
Ortolani test
90
Which two manipulation tests can be used to indicate cranial cruciate ligament rupture?
Cranial draw test Tibial thrust test
91
What are the four palpable landmarks for the cranial draw test?
Patella and Lateral fabella Tibial tuberosity and Head of the fibula
92
Which diagnostic techniques are often used during small animal lameness investigation?
Diagnostic imaging Arthrocentesis (joint tap) Stifle arthroscopy
93
Which diagnostic imaging methods are best for imaging bone?
Radiography CT
94
Which diagnostic imaging method is best for imaging muscles, tendons and ligaments?
Ultrasound

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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