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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > ANATOMY - Hindlimb > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Hindlimb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven bones of the hindlimb?

A

Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges

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2
Q

What are the seven joints of the hindlimb?

A

Sacro-iliac joint
Hip
Stifle
Tarsal joint
Metatarsophalangeal fetlock
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Distal interphalangeal joint

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3
Q

In which region of the hindlimb is the pelvis located?

A

Gluteal region

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4
Q

Which type of bone is the pelvis?

A

Flat bone

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5
Q

What are the four regions of the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum

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6
Q

What is the cartilaginous joint which fuses the two sides of the pelvis together?

A

Pelvic symphysis

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7
Q

(T/F) The ilium is palpable

A

TRUE.

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8
Q

What are the two regions of the ilium?

A

Wing
Body

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9
Q

How does the orientation of the wing of the ilium vary between species?

A

The wing of the ilium is more vertical in small animals however it is more horizontal in large animals

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10
Q

What are the two projections at the wing of the ilium seen in large animals?

A

Tuber sacrale
Tuber coxae

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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of the wing of the ilium in small animal practice?

A

The wing of the ilium is commonly used for bone marrow sampling in small animals

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12
Q

What is the point of muscle attachment for the reproductive organs?

A

Ischiatic arch

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13
Q

Which structure on the ischium is palpable in all species?

A

Tuber ischium

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14
Q

Which two regions of the pelvis form the borders of the obturator foramen?

A

Ischium
Pubis

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15
Q

Which important structure runs through the obturator foramen?

A

Obturator nerve

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16
Q

Which muscle attaches to the cranial arch of the pubis via the pre-pubic tendon?

A

Rectus abdominas muscle

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17
Q

What lines the rim of the acetabulum?

A

The rim of the acetabulum is lined by the cartilaginous labrum

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18
Q

What is the name of the articular surface of the acetabulum?

A

Lunate surface

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19
Q

What is the central depression of the acetabulum?

A

Acetabular fossa

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20
Q

Which ligament bridges the acetabular notch?

A

Transverse ligament

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21
Q

Where are the four primary centres of ossification located within the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum

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22
Q

What are the three secondary centres of ossification located within the pelvis?

A

Dorsal wing of the ilium
Tuber ischium
Ischiatic arch

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23
Q

What type of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?

A

Fibrous joint

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24
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

Sacrum
Wing of the ilium

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25
What is the function of the sacro-iliac joint?
The sacro-iliac joint transmits mechanical forces from the hindlimb to the vertebral column during propulsion
26
Which two structures of the hindlimb soften during parturition in large animals?
Sacro-iliac joint Sacrotuberous ligament
27
How does the structure of the sacrotuberous ligament differ between species?
In large animals, the sacrotuberous ligament is a broad, fibrous sheet with holes to allow nerves to pass through whereas in small animals, the sacrotuberous ligament is a fibrous cord
28
How can the sarotuberous ligament be used during perineal surgery?
The sacrotuberous ligament provides an anchor for stitches during surgery of the perineal region
29
In which region of the hindlimb is the femur located?
Thigh region
30
Which type of bone is the femur?
Long bone
31
Identify the following features of the femur
32
What is the proximal subchondral bone of the femur?
Head of the femur
33
Why is the femoral head so vulnerable to a loss of blood supply?
The femoral head relies on the blood supply which passes throught the femoral neck. The femoral neck is susceptible to fractures which can cause damage this blood supply and lead to avascular necrosis of the femoral head
34
What is the name of the central depression seen in the head of the femur?
Fovea
35
What is the palpable landmark for the hip present at the proximal end of the femur?
Greater trochanter
36
What are the two distal subchondral bones of the femur?
Lateral condyle Medial condyle
37
What is the name of the fossa between the medial and lateral condyles at the distal end of the femur?
Intercondylar fossa
38
What is the structure on the lateral surface of the femur which articulates with the patella?
Trochlear groove
39
Which two structures on the femur stabilise the patella within the trochlear groove?
Medial trochlear ridge Lateral trochlear ridge
40
Describe the species differences seen in the equine femur?
In the equine femur, the medial trochlear ridge is larger than the lateral trochlear ridge and has an additional tuberosity
41
What type of joint is the hip?
Ball and socket synovial joint
42
What are the articular surfaces of the hip joint?
Lunate surface of the acetabulum Head of the femur
43
(T/F) The hip does not have collateral ligaments
TRUE.
44
Which ligament stabilises the hip joint in all species?
Ligament of the head of the femur
45
What is the origin and insertion of the ligament of the head of the femur?
The ligament of the head of the femur originates at the fovea of the femur and inserts onto the acetabular fossa of the pelvis
46
What is the additional ligament which supports the hip in large animals?
Accessory ligament extending from the pre-pubic tendon
47
Why does the hip joint not undergo abduction or adduction in large animals?
The hip joint does not undergo abduction or adduction in the large animal due to the extensive muscle mass surrounding the joint
48
What are the two long term treatment methods for hip dysplasia?
Total hip replacement Femoral head excision
49
What type of bone are the tibia and fibula?
Long bones
50
(T/F) The tibia and fibula have a degree of rotation
FALSE. The tibia and fibula have no rotation
51
Identify the following structures of the tibia and fibula
52
What are the two subchondral bones of the proximal tibia?
Medial condyle Lateral condyle
53
What is the name of the ridge between the medial and lateral condyles at the proximal end of the tibia?
Intercondylar ridge
54
What is the point of insertion for the patellar ligament at the proximal end of the tibia?
Tibial tuberosity
55
What is the purpose of the medial malleolus located at the distal end of the tibia?
Medial malleolus is the point of attachment for the medial collateral ligament of the tarsal joint
56
What is the purpose of the lateral malleolus located at the distal end of the fibula?
Lateral malleolus is the point of attachment for the lateral collateral ligament of the tarsal joint
57
Which species have an isolated lateral malleolus?
Ruminants
58
Why would you only repair a distal fracture of the fibula?
If the lateral malleolus is broken, it will need to be repaired because attachment of collateral ligaments will be affected causing instability of the tarsal joint
59
Where are the four centres of ossification located within the tibia?
Proximal epiphysis Tibial tuberosity Body of the tibia Distal epiphysis
60
Where are the three centres of ossification located within the fibula?
Proximal epiphysis Body of the fibula Distal epiphysis
61
What kind of joint is the stifle joint?
Synovial joint
62
What are the two main regions of the stifle joint?
Femorotibial region Femoropatellar region
63
What are the four articulating surfaces of the femorotibial region of the stifle joint?
Medial femoral condyle Lateral femoral condyle Medial tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle
64
What is the function of the menisci?
Menisci are cartilaginous wedges attached to the tibial condyles which allow for stifle joint congruity
65
Which four ligaments provide stability for femorotibial region of the stifle joint?
Medial collateral ligament Lateral collateral ligament Cranial cruciate ligament Caudal cruciate ligament
66
Which test can be used to diagnose a cranial cruciate ligament rupture?
Cranial draw test
67
What are the articulating surfaces of the femoropatellar region of the stifle joint?
Trochlear groove Patella
68
What kind of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid bone
69
Which ligament is the patella embedded within?
Patellar ligament
70
What are the three patellar ligaments found in equids?
Medial patellar ligament Middle patellar ligament Lateral patellar ligament
71
Where do the three patellar ligaments found in equids insert?
The three patellar ligaments found in equids insert onto the additional tuberosity found on the medial trochlear ridge
72
Which five structures provide stability to the patella within the trochlear groove of the tibia?
Medial trochlear ridge Lateral trochlear ridge Medial femoro-patellar ligament Lateral femoro-patellar ligament Fasia latae
73
Where do the medial and lateral femoro-patellar ligaments originate and insert?
The medial and lateral femoro-patellar ligaments originate at the patella and run to the fabellae sesamoids
74
Which muscle are the fabellae sesamoids embedded within?
Gastrocnemius muscle
75
Which muscle is the popliteal sesamoid embedded within?
Popliteal muscle
76
How does the patellar locking mechanism contribute to the equine stay apparatus?
The patellar locking mechanism locks the stifle joint in extension to allow the other hindlimb to rest
77
Describe the process of the equine patellar locking mechanism
The patella is pulled proximally and rotated medially as the stifle is extended. The medial rotation of the patella causes sit between the medial and middle patellar ligaments, preventing flexion of the stifle
78
What are the eight thigh muscles?
Gluteal muscles G.A.P.E muscles Quadriceps muscles Sartorius muscles Iliopsoas muscles Biceps femoris muscles Semitendonosus muscles Semimembranosus muscles
79
What are the two points of origin for the gluteal muscles?
Sacrum Pelvis
80
What is the point of insertion for the gluteal muscles?
Greater trochanter
81
What is the main function of the gluteal muscles in small animals?
The gluteal muscles are hindlimb abductors in small animals
82
What are the two main functions of the gluteal muscles in large animals?
The gluteal muscles are hindlimb retractors and hip extensors
83
Which nerve innervates the gluteal muscles?
Gluteal nerve
84
What are the four G.A.P.E muscles?
Gracilis muscle Adductor muscle Pectineus muscle External obturator muscle
85
What is the point of origin for the gracilis muscle?
Ventral pelvis
86
What are the two points of insertion for the gracilis muscle?
Medial tibia Calcaneus tarsal bone (via common calcanean tendon)
87
What is the point of origin for the adductor muscle?
Ventral pelvis
88
What is the point of insertion for the adductor muscle?
Medial femur
89
What is the point of origin for the pectineus muscle?
Ventral pelvis
90
What is the point of insertion for the pectineus muscle?
Medial femur
91
What is the function of the G.A.P.E muscles?
The G.A.P.E muscles are hindlimb adductors | The Gracilis is also a tarsal extensor
92
Which nerve innervates the G.A.P.E muscles?
Obturator nerve
93
What are the four heads of the quadriceps muscle?
Rectus femorus Vatus lateralis Vatus medialis Vatus intermedius
94
What is the point of origin for the rectus femorus head of the quadriceps muscle?
Ilium
95
What is the point of insertion for the rectus femorus head of the quadriceps muscle?
Tibial tuberosity | Via the patellar tendon
96
What are the three functions of the rectus femorus head of the quadriceps muscle?
The rectus femorus head of the quadriceps muscle is a hindlimb protractor, hip flexor and stifle extensor
97
What is the point of origin for the vatus lateralis, vatus medialis and vatus intermedias heads of the quadriceps muscle?
Femur
98
What is the point of insertion for the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedias heads of the quadriceps muscle?
Tibial tuberosity | Via the patellar tendon
99
What is the function of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedias heads of the quadriceps muscle?
The vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedias heads of the quadriceps muscle are stifle extensors
100
Via which structure does the quadriceps muscle insert onto the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar tendon
101
Which nerve innervates the quadriceps muscle?
Femoral nerve
102
What is the point of origin of the sartorius muscle?
Ilium
103
What are the two points of insertion of the sartorius muscle?
Femur Tibial tuberosity | Via the patellar tendon
104
Via which structure does the sartorius muscle insert onto the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar ligament
105
What are the three functions of the sartorius muscle?
The sartorius muscle is a hindlimb protractor, hip flexor and stifle extensor
106
Which nerve innervates the sartorius muscle?
Femoral nerve
107
What are the two points of origin for the iliopsoas muscle?
Lumbar vertebrae Ilium
108
What is the point of insertion of the iliopsoas muscle?
Femur
109
What are the two functions of the iliopsoas muscle?
The iliopsoas muscle is a hindlimb protractor and hip flexor
110
Which nerve innervates the iliopsoas muscle?
Femoral nerve
111
What is the point of origin for the biceps femoris muscle?
Tuber ischium
112
What are the two points of insertion for the biceps femoris muscle?
Fascia latae Calcaneus tarsal bone (via the common calcanean tendon)
113
What are the four functions of the biceps femoris muscle?
The biceps femoris muscle is a hindlimb retractor, hip extensor and stifle flexor. Also a tarsal extensor
114
Which nerve innervates the biceps femoris muscle?
Sciatic nerve
115
What is the point of origin for the semitendonous muscle?
Tuber ischium
116
What are the two points of insertion for the semitendonous muscle?
Lateral tibia Calcaneus tarsal bone (via the common calcanean tendon)
117
What are the four functions of the semitendonous muscle?
The semitendonous muscle is a hindlimb retractor, hip extensor and stifle flexor. Also a tarsal extensor
118
Which nerve innervates the semitendonous muscle?
Sciatic nerve
119
What is the point of origin for the semimembranous muscle?
Tuber ischium
120
What are the two points of insertion for the semimembranosus muscle?
Medial tibia Medial femur
121
What are the three functions of the semimembranosus muscle?
The semimembranosus muscle is a hindlimb retractor, hip extensor and stifle flexor
122
Which nerve innervates the semimembranous muscle?
Sciatic nerve
123
Via which tendon do the gracilis, biceps femoris and semitendonosus muscles insert onto the calcaneus tarsal bone?
Common calcanean tendon
124
Which type of bone are the tarsal bones?
Short bones
125
What are the three rows of tarsal bones?
Proximal layer Middle layer Distal layer
126
List the proximal row of tarsal bones from medial to lateral
Talus tarsal bone Calcaneus tarsal bone
127
List the middle row of tarsal bones from medial to lateral
Central tarsal bone 4th tarsal bone
128
List the distal row of tarsal bones from medial to lateral
1st tarsal bone 2nd tarsal bone 3rd tarsal bone 4th tarsal bone
129
Which tarsal bone is palpable?
Calcaneus tarsal bone
130
Which tarsal bones are fused in equids?
1st and 2nd tarsal bones are fused in equids
131
Which tarsal bone has more than one centre of ossification?
Calcaneus tarsal bone
132
What type of joint is the tarsal joint?
Synovial joint
133
List the four inter-tarsal joints
Tibio-tarsal joint Proximal inter-tarsal joint Distal inter-tarsal joint Tarso-metatarsal joint
134
What is the function of the planter ligament?
The planter ligament counteracts the forces applied to the calcaneus tarsal bone to prevent joint collapse and hyperextension
135
What is 'bone spavin'?
Equine degenerative joint disease of the tarsal joint
136
What are the six distal intrinsic muscles of the hindlimb?
Cranial tibial muscle Peroneus muscle Long digital extensor muscle Gastrocnemius muscle Superficial digital flexor muscle Deep digital flexor muscle
137
What is the point of origin for the cranial tibial muscle?
Proximal tibia
138
What is the point of insertion for the cranial tibial muscle?
Metatarsal bones
139
Which tendon allows the cranial tibial muscle to insert upon the medial tarsus in the horse?
Cunean tendon
140
What is the function of the cranial tibial muscle?
The cranial tibial muscle is a tarsal flexor
141
Which nerve innervates the cranial tibial muscle?
Fibular branch of the sciatic nerve
142
What is the name of the peroneus muscle in small animals?
Peroneus longus muscle
143
What are the two points of origin for the peroneus longus muscle?
Tibia Fibula
144
What is the point of insertion for the peroneus longus muscle?
Planter tarsus
145
What is the name of the peroneus muscle in equids?
Peroneus tertias
146
What is the point of origin for the peroneus tertias muscle?
Lateral femoral condyle
147
What are the two points of insertion for the peroneus tertias muscle?
Third metatarsal Tarsus
148
What is the function of the pernoeus muscle?
The peroneus muscle is a tarsal flexor
149
Which nerve innervates the peroneus muscle?
Fibular branch of the sciatic nerve
150
(T/F) The long digital flexor muscle originates and inserts via a tendon
TRUE.
151
What is the point of origin for the long digital extensor tendon?
Femur
152
What is the point of insertion for the long digital extensor tendon?
Extensor process of distal phalanx
153
Where does the long digital extensor tendon insert within the horse?
All the phalanges (proximal, middle and distal)
154
What are the functions of the long digital extensor muscle?
The long digital extensor muscle is a tarsal flexor and digital extensor
155
Which nerve innervates the long digital extensor muscle?
Fibular branch of the sciatic nerve
156
What are the five components of the common calcanean tendon?
Gracilis muscle Biceps femoris muscle Semitendonous muscle Gastrocnemius muscle Superficial digital flexor muscle
157
What is the point of insertion for the common calcanean tendon?
Calcaneus tarsal bone
158
What is the function of the common calcanean tendon?
The common calcanean tendon is a tarsal extensor
159
What is the point of origin for the gastrocnemius muscle?
Femur
160
What is the point of insertion for the gastrocnemius muscle?
Calcaneus tarsal bone via the common calcanean tendon
161
What are the functions of the gastrocnemius muscle?
The gastrocnemius muscle is a stifle flexor and tarsal extensor
162
Which nerve innervates the gastrocnemius muscle?
Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve
163
What is the point of origin for the superficial digital flexor muscle?
Femur
164
What are the two points of insertion for the superficial digital flexor muscle?
Calcaneus tarsal bone (via common calcanean tendon) and the planter surface of the middle phalanx
165
What are the functions of the superficial digital flexor muscle?
The superficial digital flexor muscle is a tarsal extensor and digital flexor
166
Which nerve innervates the superficial digital flexor muscle?
Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve
167
What is the point of origin for the deep digital flexor muscle?
Tibia
168
What is the point of insertion for the deep digital flexor muscle?
Planter process of distal phalanx
169
What are the functions of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle is a tarsal extensor and digital flexor
170
Which nerve innervates the deep digital flexor muscle?
Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve
171
Which components of the equine stay apparatus prevents flexion of the hip joint?
There is no passive mechanism which prevents flexion of the hip joint within the equine stay apparatus
172
Which components of the equine stay apparatus prevents flexion of the stifle joint?
The patellar locking mechanism
173
Which structures within the equine stay apparatus prevents hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint and distal interphalangeal joint?
Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon DDFT Accessory check ligament Annular ligaments
174
Which additional apparatus prevents hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Suspensory apparatus
175
What are the two components of the equine reciprocal apparatus?
Peroneus tertias muscle Superficial digital flexor muscle
176
What is the function of the equine reciprocal apparatus?
Ensures the stifle and the tarsal joint flex and extend in unison to contribute to the equine stay apparatus

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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