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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > ANATOMY - Hindlimb > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Hindlimb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven bones of the hindlimb?

A

Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges

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2
Q

What are the seven joints of the hindlimb?

A

Sacro-iliac joint
Hip
Stifle
Tarsal joint
Metatarsophalangeal fetlock
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Distal interphalangeal joint

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3
Q

In which region of the hindlimb is the pelvis located?

A

Gluteal region

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4
Q

Which type of bone is the pelvis?

A

Flat bone

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5
Q

What are the four regions of the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum

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6
Q

What is the cartilaginous joint which fuses the two sides of the pelvis together?

A

Pelvic symphysis

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7
Q

(T/F) The ilium is palpable

A

TRUE.

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8
Q

What are the two regions of the ilium?

A

Wing
Body

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9
Q

How does the orientation of the wing of the ilium vary between species?

A

The wing of the ilium is more vertical in small animals however it is more horizontal in large animals

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10
Q

What are the two projections at the wing of the ilium seen in large animals?

A

Tuber sacrale
Tuber coxae

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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of the wing of the ilium in small animal practice?

A

The wing of the ilium is commonly used for bone marrow sampling in small animals

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12
Q

What is the point of muscle attachment for the reproductive organs?

A

Ischiatic arch

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13
Q

Which structure on the ischium is palpable in all species?

A

Tuber ischium

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14
Q

Which two regions of the pelvis form the borders of the obturator foramen?

A

Ischium
Pubis

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15
Q

Which important structure runs through the obturator foramen?

A

Obturator nerve

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16
Q

Which muscle attaches to the cranial arch of the pubis via the pre-pubic tendon?

A

Rectus abdominas muscle

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17
Q

What lines the rim of the acetabulum?

A

The rim of the acetabulum is lined by the cartilaginous labrum

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18
Q

What is the name of the articular surface of the acetabulum?

A

Lunate surface

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19
Q

What is the central depression of the acetabulum?

A

Acetabular fossa

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20
Q

Which ligament bridges the acetabular notch?

A

Transverse ligament

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21
Q

Where are the four primary centres of ossification located within the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Acetabulum

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22
Q

What are the three secondary centres of ossification located within the pelvis?

A

Dorsal wing of the ilium
Tuber ischium
Ischiatic arch

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23
Q

What type of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?

A

Fibrous joint

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24
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

Sacrum
Wing of the ilium

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25
Q

What is the function of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

The sacro-iliac joint transmits mechanical forces from the hindlimb to the vertebral column during propulsion

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26
Q

Which two structures of the hindlimb soften during parturition in large animals?

A

Sacro-iliac joint
Sacrotuberous ligament

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27
Q

How does the structure of the sacrotuberous ligament differ between species?

A

In large animals, the sacrotuberous ligament is a broad, fibrous sheet with holes to allow nerves to pass through whereas in small animals, the sacrotuberous ligament is a fibrous cord

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28
Q

How can the sarotuberous ligament be used during perineal surgery?

A

The sacrotuberous ligament provides an anchor for stitches during surgery of the perineal region

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29
Q

In which region of the hindlimb is the femur located?

A

Thigh region

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30
Q

Which type of bone is the femur?

A

Long bone

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31
Q

Identify the following features of the femur

A
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32
Q

What is the proximal subchondral bone of the femur?

A

Head of the femur

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33
Q

Why is the femoral head so vulnerable to a loss of blood supply?

A

The femoral head relies on the blood supply which passes throught the femoral neck. The femoral neck is susceptible to fractures which can cause damage this blood supply and lead to avascular necrosis of the femoral head

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34
Q

What is the name of the central depression seen in the head of the femur?

A

Fovea

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35
Q

What is the palpable landmark for the hip present at the proximal end of the femur?

A

Greater trochanter

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36
Q

What are the two distal subchondral bones of the femur?

A

Lateral condyle
Medial condyle

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37
Q

What is the name of the fossa between the medial and lateral condyles at the distal end of the femur?

A

Intercondylar fossa

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38
Q

What is the structure on the lateral surface of the femur which articulates with the patella?

A

Trochlear groove

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39
Q

Which two structures on the femur stabilise the patella within the trochlear groove?

A

Medial trochlear ridge
Lateral trochlear ridge

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40
Q

Describe the species differences seen in the equine femur?

A

In the equine femur, the medial trochlear ridge is larger than the lateral trochlear ridge and has an additional tuberosity

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41
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

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42
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the hip joint?

A

Lunate surface of the acetabulum
Head of the femur

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43
Q

(T/F) The hip does not have collateral ligaments

A

TRUE.

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44
Q

Which ligament stabilises the hip joint in all species?

A

Ligament of the head of the femur

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45
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the ligament of the head of the femur?

A

The ligament of the head of the femur originates at the fovea of the femur and inserts onto the acetabular fossa of the pelvis

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46
Q

What is the additional ligament which supports the hip in large animals?

A

Accessory ligament extending from the pre-pubic tendon

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47
Q

Why does the hip joint not undergo abduction or adduction in large animals?

A

The hip joint does not undergo abduction or adduction in the large animal due to the extensive muscle mass surrounding the joint

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48
Q

What are the two long term treatment methods for hip dysplasia?

A

Total hip replacement
Femoral head excision

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49
Q

What type of bone are the tibia and fibula?

A

Long bones

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50
Q

(T/F) The tibia and fibula have a degree of rotation

A

FALSE. The tibia and fibula have no rotation

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51
Q

Identify the following structures of the tibia and fibula

A
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52
Q

What are the two subchondral bones of the proximal tibia?

A

Medial condyle
Lateral condyle

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53
Q

What is the name of the ridge between the medial and lateral condyles at the proximal end of the tibia?

A

Intercondylar ridge

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54
Q

What is the point of insertion for the patellar ligament at the proximal end of the tibia?

A

Tibial tuberosity

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55
Q

What is the purpose of the medial malleolus located at the distal end of the tibia?

A

Medial malleolus is the point of attachment for the medial collateral ligament of the tarsal joint

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56
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral malleolus located at the distal end of the fibula?

A

Lateral malleolus is the point of attachment for the lateral collateral ligament of the tarsal joint

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57
Q

Which species have an isolated lateral malleolus?

A

Ruminants

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58
Q

Why would you only repair a distal fracture of the fibula?

A

If the lateral malleolus is broken, it will need to be repaired because attachment of collateral ligaments will be affected causing instability of the tarsal joint

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59
Q

Where are the four centres of ossification located within the tibia?

A

Proximal epiphysis
Tibial tuberosity
Body of the tibia
Distal epiphysis

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60
Q

Where are the three centres of ossification located within the fibula?

A

Proximal epiphysis
Body of the fibula
Distal epiphysis

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61
Q

What kind of joint is the stifle joint?

A

Synovial joint

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62
Q

What are the two main regions of the stifle joint?

A

Femorotibial region
Femoropatellar region

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63
Q

What are the four articulating surfaces of the femorotibial region of the stifle joint?

A

Medial femoral condyle
Lateral femoral condyle
Medial tibial condyle
Lateral tibial condyle

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64
Q

What is the function of the menisci?

A

Menisci are cartilaginous wedges attached to the tibial condyles which allow for stifle joint congruity

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65
Q

Which four ligaments provide stability for femorotibial region of the stifle joint?

A

Medial collateral ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Cranial cruciate ligament
Caudal cruciate ligament

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66
Q

Which test can be used to diagnose a cranial cruciate ligament rupture?

A

Cranial draw test

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67
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the femoropatellar region of the stifle joint?

A

Trochlear groove
Patella

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68
Q

What kind of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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69
Q

Which ligament is the patella embedded within?

A

Patellar ligament

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70
Q

What are the three patellar ligaments found in equids?

A

Medial patellar ligament
Middle patellar ligament
Lateral patellar ligament

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71
Q

Where do the three patellar ligaments found in equids insert?

A

The three patellar ligaments found in equids insert onto the additional tuberosity found on the medial trochlear ridge

72
Q

Which five structures provide stability to the patella within the trochlear groove of the tibia?

A

Medial trochlear ridge
Lateral trochlear ridge
Medial femoro-patellar ligament
Lateral femoro-patellar ligament
Fasia latae

73
Q

Where do the medial and lateral femoro-patellar ligaments originate and insert?

A

The medial and lateral femoro-patellar ligaments originate at the patella and run to the fabellae sesamoids

74
Q

Which muscle are the fabellae sesamoids embedded within?

A

Gastrocnemius muscle

75
Q

Which muscle is the popliteal sesamoid embedded within?

A

Popliteal muscle

76
Q

How does the patellar locking mechanism contribute to the equine stay apparatus?

A

The patellar locking mechanism locks the stifle joint in extension to allow the other hindlimb to rest

77
Q

Describe the process of the equine patellar locking mechanism

A

The patella is pulled proximally and rotated medially as the stifle is extended. The medial rotation of the patella causes sit between the medial and middle patellar ligaments, preventing flexion of the stifle

78
Q

What are the eight thigh muscles?

A

Gluteal muscles
G.A.P.E muscles
Quadriceps muscles
Sartorius muscles
Iliopsoas muscles
Biceps femoris muscles
Semitendonosus muscles
Semimembranosus muscles

79
Q

What are the two points of origin for the gluteal muscles?

A

Sacrum
Pelvis

80
Q

What is the point of insertion for the gluteal muscles?

A

Greater trochanter

81
Q

What is the main function of the gluteal muscles in small animals?

A

The gluteal muscles are hindlimb abductors in small animals

82
Q

What are the two main functions of the gluteal muscles in large animals?

A

The gluteal muscles are hindlimb retractors and hip extensors

83
Q

Which nerve innervates the gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteal nerve

84
Q

What are the four G.A.P.E muscles?

A

Gracilis muscle
Adductor muscle
Pectineus muscle
External obturator muscle

85
Q

What is the point of origin for the gracilis muscle?

A

Ventral pelvis

86
Q

What are the two points of insertion for the gracilis muscle?

A

Medial tibia
Calcaneus tarsal bone (via common calcanean tendon)

87
Q

What is the point of origin for the adductor muscle?

A

Ventral pelvis

88
Q

What is the point of insertion for the adductor muscle?

A

Medial femur

89
Q

What is the point of origin for the pectineus muscle?

A

Ventral pelvis

90
Q

What is the point of insertion for the pectineus muscle?

A

Medial femur

91
Q

What is the function of the G.A.P.E muscles?

A

The G.A.P.E muscles are hindlimb adductors

The Gracilis is also a tarsal extensor

92
Q

Which nerve innervates the G.A.P.E muscles?

A

Obturator nerve

93
Q

What are the four heads of the quadriceps muscle?

A

Rectus femorus
Vatus lateralis
Vatus medialis
Vatus intermedius

94
Q

What is the point of origin for the rectus femorus head of the quadriceps muscle?

95
Q

What is the point of insertion for the rectus femorus head of the quadriceps muscle?

A

Tibial tuberosity

Via the patellar tendon

96
Q

What are the three functions of the rectus femorus head of the quadriceps muscle?

A

The rectus femorus head of the quadriceps muscle is a hindlimb protractor, hip flexor and stifle extensor

97
Q

What is the point of origin for the vatus lateralis, vatus medialis and vatus intermedias heads of the quadriceps muscle?

98
Q

What is the point of insertion for the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedias heads of the quadriceps muscle?

A

Tibial tuberosity

Via the patellar tendon

99
Q

What is the function of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedias heads of the quadriceps muscle?

A

The vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedias heads of the quadriceps muscle are stifle extensors

100
Q

Via which structure does the quadriceps muscle insert onto the tibial tuberosity?

A

Patellar tendon

101
Q

Which nerve innervates the quadriceps muscle?

A

Femoral nerve

102
Q

What is the point of origin of the sartorius muscle?

103
Q

What are the two points of insertion of the sartorius muscle?

A

Femur
Tibial tuberosity

Via the patellar tendon

104
Q

Via which structure does the sartorius muscle insert onto the tibial tuberosity?

A

Patellar ligament

105
Q

What are the three functions of the sartorius muscle?

A

The sartorius muscle is a hindlimb protractor, hip flexor and stifle extensor

106
Q

Which nerve innervates the sartorius muscle?

A

Femoral nerve

107
Q

What are the two points of origin for the iliopsoas muscle?

A

Lumbar vertebrae
Ilium

108
Q

What is the point of insertion of the iliopsoas muscle?

109
Q

What are the two functions of the iliopsoas muscle?

A

The iliopsoas muscle is a hindlimb protractor and hip flexor

110
Q

Which nerve innervates the iliopsoas muscle?

A

Femoral nerve

111
Q

What is the point of origin for the biceps femoris muscle?

A

Tuber ischium

112
Q

What are the two points of insertion for the biceps femoris muscle?

A

Fascia latae
Calcaneus tarsal bone (via the common calcanean tendon)

113
Q

What are the four functions of the biceps femoris muscle?

A

The biceps femoris muscle is a hindlimb retractor, hip extensor and stifle flexor. Also a tarsal extensor

114
Q

Which nerve innervates the biceps femoris muscle?

A

Sciatic nerve

115
Q

What is the point of origin for the semitendonous muscle?

A

Tuber ischium

116
Q

What are the two points of insertion for the semitendonous muscle?

A

Lateral tibia
Calcaneus tarsal bone (via the common calcanean tendon)

117
Q

What are the four functions of the semitendonous muscle?

A

The semitendonous muscle is a hindlimb retractor, hip extensor and stifle flexor. Also a tarsal extensor

118
Q

Which nerve innervates the semitendonous muscle?

A

Sciatic nerve

119
Q

What is the point of origin for the semimembranous muscle?

A

Tuber ischium

120
Q

What are the two points of insertion for the semimembranosus muscle?

A

Medial tibia
Medial femur

121
Q

What are the three functions of the semimembranosus muscle?

A

The semimembranosus muscle is a hindlimb retractor, hip extensor and stifle flexor

122
Q

Which nerve innervates the semimembranous muscle?

A

Sciatic nerve

123
Q

Via which tendon do the gracilis, biceps femoris and semitendonosus muscles insert onto the calcaneus tarsal bone?

A

Common calcanean tendon

124
Q

Which type of bone are the tarsal bones?

A

Short bones

125
Q

What are the three rows of tarsal bones?

A

Proximal layer
Middle layer
Distal layer

126
Q

List the proximal row of tarsal bones from medial to lateral

A

Talus tarsal bone
Calcaneus tarsal bone

127
Q

List the middle row of tarsal bones from medial to lateral

A

Central tarsal bone
4th tarsal bone

128
Q

List the distal row of tarsal bones from medial to lateral

A

1st tarsal bone
2nd tarsal bone
3rd tarsal bone
4th tarsal bone

129
Q

Which tarsal bone is palpable?

A

Calcaneus tarsal bone

130
Q

Which tarsal bones are fused in equids?

A

1st and 2nd tarsal bones are fused in equids

131
Q

Which tarsal bone has more than one centre of ossification?

A

Calcaneus tarsal bone

132
Q

What type of joint is the tarsal joint?

A

Synovial joint

133
Q

List the four inter-tarsal joints

A

Tibio-tarsal joint
Proximal inter-tarsal joint
Distal inter-tarsal joint
Tarso-metatarsal joint

134
Q

What is the function of the planter ligament?

A

The planter ligament counteracts the forces applied to the calcaneus tarsal bone to prevent joint collapse and hyperextension

135
Q

What is ‘bone spavin’?

A

Equine degenerative joint disease of the tarsal joint

136
Q

What are the six distal intrinsic muscles of the hindlimb?

A

Cranial tibial muscle
Peroneus muscle
Long digital extensor muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle
Superficial digital flexor muscle
Deep digital flexor muscle

137
Q

What is the point of origin for the cranial tibial muscle?

A

Proximal tibia

138
Q

What is the point of insertion for the cranial tibial muscle?

A

Metatarsal bones

139
Q

Which tendon allows the cranial tibial muscle to insert upon the medial tarsus in the horse?

A

Cunean tendon

140
Q

What is the function of the cranial tibial muscle?

A

The cranial tibial muscle is a tarsal flexor

141
Q

Which nerve innervates the cranial tibial muscle?

A

Fibular branch of the sciatic nerve

142
Q

What is the name of the peroneus muscle in small animals?

A

Peroneus longus muscle

143
Q

What are the two points of origin for the peroneus longus muscle?

A

Tibia
Fibula

144
Q

What is the point of insertion for the peroneus longus muscle?

A

Planter tarsus

145
Q

What is the name of the peroneus muscle in equids?

A

Peroneus tertias

146
Q

What is the point of origin for the peroneus tertias muscle?

A

Lateral femoral condyle

147
Q

What are the two points of insertion for the peroneus tertias muscle?

A

Third metatarsal
Tarsus

148
Q

What is the function of the pernoeus muscle?

A

The peroneus muscle is a tarsal flexor

149
Q

Which nerve innervates the peroneus muscle?

A

Fibular branch of the sciatic nerve

150
Q

(T/F) The long digital flexor muscle originates and inserts via a tendon

151
Q

What is the point of origin for the long digital extensor tendon?

152
Q

What is the point of insertion for the long digital extensor tendon?

A

Extensor process of distal phalanx

153
Q

Where does the long digital extensor tendon insert within the horse?

A

All the phalanges (proximal, middle and distal)

154
Q

What are the functions of the long digital extensor muscle?

A

The long digital extensor muscle is a tarsal flexor and digital extensor

155
Q

Which nerve innervates the long digital extensor muscle?

A

Fibular branch of the sciatic nerve

156
Q

What are the five components of the common calcanean tendon?

A

Gracilis muscle
Biceps femoris muscle
Semitendonous muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle
Superficial digital flexor muscle

157
Q

What is the point of insertion for the common calcanean tendon?

A

Calcaneus tarsal bone

158
Q

What is the function of the common calcanean tendon?

A

The common calcanean tendon is a tarsal extensor

159
Q

What is the point of origin for the gastrocnemius muscle?

160
Q

What is the point of insertion for the gastrocnemius muscle?

A

Calcaneus tarsal bone via the common calcanean tendon

161
Q

What are the functions of the gastrocnemius muscle?

A

The gastrocnemius muscle is a stifle flexor and tarsal extensor

162
Q

Which nerve innervates the gastrocnemius muscle?

A

Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve

163
Q

What is the point of origin for the superficial digital flexor muscle?

164
Q

What are the two points of insertion for the superficial digital flexor muscle?

A

Calcaneus tarsal bone (via common calcanean tendon) and the planter surface of the middle phalanx

165
Q

What are the functions of the superficial digital flexor muscle?

A

The superficial digital flexor muscle is a tarsal extensor and digital flexor

166
Q

Which nerve innervates the superficial digital flexor muscle?

A

Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve

167
Q

What is the point of origin for the deep digital flexor muscle?

168
Q

What is the point of insertion for the deep digital flexor muscle?

A

Planter process of distal phalanx

169
Q

What are the functions of the deep digital flexor muscle?

A

The deep digital flexor muscle is a tarsal extensor and digital flexor

170
Q

Which nerve innervates the deep digital flexor muscle?

A

Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve

171
Q

Which components of the equine stay apparatus prevents flexion of the hip joint?

A

There is no passive mechanism which prevents flexion of the hip joint within the equine stay apparatus

172
Q

Which components of the equine stay apparatus prevents flexion of the stifle joint?

A

The patellar locking mechanism

173
Q

Which structures within the equine stay apparatus prevents hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint and distal interphalangeal joint?

A

Superficial digital flexor tendon
Deep digital flexor tendon
DDFT Accessory check ligament
Annular ligaments

174
Q

Which additional apparatus prevents hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

Suspensory apparatus

175
Q

What are the two components of the equine reciprocal apparatus?

A

Peroneus tertias muscle
Superficial digital flexor muscle

176
Q

What is the function of the equine reciprocal apparatus?

A

Ensures the stifle and the tarsal joint flex and extend in unison to contribute to the equine stay apparatus

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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