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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > ANATOMY - Paws and Hooves > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Paws and Hooves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three regions of the equine hoof wall?

A

Toe
Quarters
Heel

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2
Q

What is the coronary band of the equine hoof?

A

The coronary band marks the boundary between the skin and the hoof

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3
Q

What is produced by the periople cells distal to the coronary band of the equine hoof?

A

Periople cells produce a waterproof layer to prevent evaporation to maintain the quality of the hoof wall

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4
Q

Identify the following features of the equine hoof

A
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5
Q

(T/F) The sole is the main weight bearing structure of the equine hoof

A

FALSE. The wall is the main weight bearing structure of the equine hoof, the sole should not be weight bearing at all

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6
Q

What is the white band present on the solar surface of the equine hoof?

A

The white band is the intedigitation between the dermal and epidermal laminae

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7
Q

Identify the following internal features within the equine hoof

A
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8
Q

Which three structures of the equine hoof have an anti-concussive function?

A

Frog of the hoof
Digital cushion
Lateral cartilages

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9
Q

What are the functions of the digital cushion in the equine hoof?

A

The digital cushion has an anti-concussive function and is also very vascularised and thus with compression forces blood back up the limb

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10
Q

How can the lateral cartilages change throughout a horse’s life?

A

The lateral cartilages sometimes mineralise as the horse gets older

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11
Q

List three common injuries to the equine hoof that can result in lameness

A

Penetrating injury
Abcesses
Pododermatitis

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12
Q

What is a common indicator of trauma or infection to the equine hoof?

A

Palpable digital pulses

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13
Q

What are the two locations of the active stratum basale in the equine hoof?

A

Coronary band
Solar surface

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14
Q

What are laminae?

A

Laminae are primary and secondary ridges on the outer surface of the dermis and the inner surface of the epidermis which interdigitate with each other

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15
Q

What is the function of laminae in the equine hoof?

A

Laminae secure the hoof wall to the dermis

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16
Q

(T/F) Both the dermal and epidermal laminae have a vascular and nerve supply

A

FALSE. Only the dermal laminae have a vascular and nerve supply

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17
Q

What is laminitis?

A

Laminitis is inflammation and fluid accumulation between the dermal and epidermal laminae

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18
Q

Describe normal weight-bearing of the hoof in horses with no shoes

A

The frog should be the first structure to come into contact with the ground followed by dissipation of the forces to the digital cushion, followed by the lateral cartilages. This causes lateral expansion of the cartilages to dissipate the forces. When the hoof wall comes into contact with the ground, the weight of the distal phalanx is transferred to the hoof wall

19
Q

What are two of the benefits of horse shoes?

A

Provides better traction
Protect the hoof wall from excessive wearing

20
Q

How often should a shoed horse undergo hoof trimming?

A

Every six weeks

21
Q

Identify the following features of the ruminant cloven hoof

A
22
Q

What are the dew claws in ruminants?

A

The dew claws are the residual 2nd and 5th digits

23
Q

What are the three components of the ruminant cloven hoof?

A

Medial claw
Lateral claw
Interdigital groove

24
Q

Why does the ruminant hoof have no frog or lateral cartilages like in the equid?

A

The cloven structure of the ruminant hoof allows the phalanges to splay and dissipate weight bearing forces

25
Q

How do the laminae in the ruminant hoof differ from the equine hoof?

A

No secondary laminae

26
Q

Which claw of the hoof commonly overgrows in the ruminant forelimb?

A

Medial claw commonly overgrows in the ruminant forelimb

27
Q

Which claw of the hoof commonly overgrows in the ruminant hindlimb?

A

Lateral claw commonly overgrows in the ruminant hindlimb

28
Q

Which disease is commonly seen in the ruminant hoof and is often a sign of poor animal husbandry?

A

Interdigital dermatitis

29
Q

Which process on the carnivore distal phalanx supports the claw?

A

Ungual process

30
Q

What is the purpose of the ungual crest of the carnivore distal phalanx?

A

The ungual crest supports the vascular root of the claw

31
Q

Which process on the carnivore distal phalanx is the point of attachment for the common digital extensor tendon?

A

Extensor process

32
Q

Which process on the carnivore distal phalanx is the point of attachment for the deep digital flexor tendon?

A

Palmer process

33
Q

What are the five functions of carnivore footpads?

A

Supports weight bearing over the phalanges
Traction
Thermoregulation
Protect deep structures
Anti-concussive

34
Q

What are the three types of footpad found on the carnivore forelimb?

A

Metacarpal pad
Digital pads
Carpal pad

35
Q

What is the purpose of the carpal foot pad present on the carnivore forelimb?

A

The carpal foot pad protects the accessory carpal bone

36
Q

What are the two types of footpad found on the carnivore hindlimb?

A

Metatarsal pad
Digital pads

37
Q

What is the function of the interosseous muscles in the carnivore distal limb?

A

The interosseous muscles support the metacapo/metatarso-phalangeal joint

38
Q

What is the purpose of the digital cushion in carnivores?

A

The digital cushion has an anti-concussive function and is also very vascularised and thus with compression forces blood back up the limb

39
Q

Why should you use surgical glue rather than stitches if there is trauma to the digital cushion?

A

You should use surgical glue rather than stitches if there is trauma to the digital cushion as there is a lot of elastic tissue which will prevent the stitches from holding properly

40
Q

What are the two locations of the active stratum basale in the carnivore claw?

A

Ungual crest
Palmer/planter surface of ungual process

41
Q

Which three structures support the position of the carnivore distal phalanx and claw?

A

Deep digital flexor tendon
Common digital extensor tendon
Dorsal elastic ligaments

42
Q

Where do the dorsal elastic ligaments originate and insert?

A

Dorsal elastic ligaments originate at the middle phalanx and insert onto the extensor process of the distal phalanx

43
Q

Why are feline claws normally retracted?

A

Feline species have very strong dorsal elastic ligaments

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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