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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > ANATOMY - Locomotion and Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Locomotion and Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term used for the cranial movement of the limb relative to the trunk?

A

Protraction

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2
Q

What is the term used for the caudal movement of the limb relative to the trunk?

A

Retraction

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3
Q

What is the term used for the medial movement of the limb relative to the trunk?

A

Adduction

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4
Q

What is the term used for the lateral movement of the limb relative to the trunk?

A

Abduction

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5
Q

What is the term used for the shortening of the limb?

A

Flexion

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6
Q

What is the term used for the lengthening of the limb?

A

Extension

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7
Q

What are the terms used for the rotation of the limb?

A

Supination
Pronation

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8
Q

What is the pattern of movement for forward propulsion?

A

Flexion -> Protraction -> Extension -> Retraction

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9
Q

What causes herbivorous species to have a less flexible trunk in comparison to carnivorous species?

A

Herbivores have a high fibre diet and thus a bulky abdominal viscera which leads to reduced trunk flexibility

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10
Q

What are the five bone classifications?

A

Long bone
Flat bone
Short bone
Sesamoid bone
Irregular bone

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11
Q

Which type of bone typically makes up most of the limb bones?

A

Long bones typically make up most of the limb bones

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12
Q

What are the main purposes of flat bones?

A

Flat bones provide a large surface area for muscle attachment and protect the underlying structures

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13
Q

What is the main purpose of short bones?

A

Short bones are anti-concussive

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14
Q

What is the main purpose of sesamoid bones?

A

Redirection of forces and protection from wear and tear

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15
Q

What covers the rough surface area of bone?

A

Periosteum

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16
Q

What covers the smooth surface area of bone?

A

Hyaline cartilage

17
Q

What is the name used to describe bone tissue which underlies articular hyaline cartilage?

A

Subchondral bone

18
Q

What is the name of the junction between the periosteum and the hyaline cartilage?

A

Osteochondral junction

19
Q

What is the name of the shaft of long bones?

A

Diaphysis

20
Q

What is the name of the proximal or distal ends of long bones?

A

Proximal or distal epiphysis

21
Q

What is the name of the transition between the epiphysis and diaphysis?

A

Metaphysis

22
Q

Which bone types only have one centre of ossification?

A

Short bones
Sesamoid bones

23
Q

Which bone types have more than one centre of ossification?

A

Long bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

24
Q

What are the three joint classifications?

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

25
Q

What are the five components of synovial joints?

A

Hyaline/articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane/synovium
Joint capsule
Collateral ligaments

26
Q

What are the functions of the collateral ligaments?

A

The collateral ligaments provide stability to the joint and maintain joint movement within the correct plane

27
Q

What are the four major muscle groups?

A

Epaxial muscles
Hypaxial muscles
Extrinsic muscles
Intrinsic muscles

28
Q

What are epaxial muscles?

A

Epaxial muscles are muscles that are dorsal to the vertebral column

29
Q

What are hypaxial muscles?

A

Hypaxial muscles are muscles that are ventral to the vertebral column

30
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A

Extrinsic muscles are muscles which originate at the axial skeleton and insert at the appendicular skeleton

31
Q

What are intrinsic muscles?

A

Intrinsic muscles are muscles which originate at the appendicular skeleton and also insert at the appendicular skeleton

32
Q

What are the three methods of muscle attachment to bone?

A

Directly to bone
Tendon
Aponeurosis

33
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A tendon is a fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone

34
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

An aperneurosis is a sheet of fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone

35
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A ligament is fibrous tissue that attaches bone to bone

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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