ANATOMY - Locomotion and Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the term used for the cranial movement of the limb relative to the trunk?

Answer 1

Protraction

Question 2

What is the term used for the caudal movement of the limb relative to the trunk?

Answer 2

Retraction

Question 3

What is the term used for the medial movement of the limb relative to the trunk?

Answer 3

Adduction

Question 4

What is the term used for the lateral movement of the limb relative to the trunk?

Answer 4

Abduction

Question 5

What is the term used for the shortening of the limb?

Answer 5

Flexion

Question 6

What is the term used for the lengthening of the limb?

Answer 6

Extension

Question 7

What are the terms used for the rotation of the limb?

Answer 7

Supination
Pronation

Question 8

What is the pattern of movement for forward propulsion?

Answer 8

Flexion -> Protraction -> Extension -> Retraction

Question 9

What causes herbivorous species to have a less flexible trunk in comparison to carnivorous species?

Answer 9

Herbivores have a high fibre diet and thus a bulky abdominal viscera which leads to reduced trunk flexibility

Question 10

What are the five bone classifications?

Answer 10

Long bone
Flat bone
Short bone
Sesamoid bone
Irregular bone

Question 11

Which type of bone typically makes up most of the limb bones?

Answer 11

Long bones typically make up most of the limb bones

Question 12

What are the main purposes of flat bones?

Answer 12

Flat bones provide a large surface area for muscle attachment and protect the underlying structures

Question 13

What is the main purpose of short bones?

Answer 13

Short bones are anti-concussive

Question 14

What is the main purpose of sesamoid bones?

Answer 14

Redirection of forces and protection from wear and tear

Question 15

What covers the rough surface area of bone?

Answer 15

Periosteum

Question 16

What covers the smooth surface area of bone?

Answer 16

Hyaline cartilage

Question 17

What is the name used to describe bone tissue which underlies articular hyaline cartilage?

Answer 17

Subchondral bone

Question 18

What is the name of the junction between the periosteum and the hyaline cartilage?

Answer 18

Osteochondral junction

Question 19

What is the name of the shaft of long bones?

Answer 19

Diaphysis

Question 20

What is the name of the proximal or distal ends of long bones?

Answer 20

Proximal or distal epiphysis

Question 21

What is the name of the transition between the epiphysis and diaphysis?

Answer 21

Metaphysis

Question 22

Which bone types only have one centre of ossification?

Answer 22

Short bones
Sesamoid bones

Question 23

Which bone types have more than one centre of ossification?

Answer 23

Long bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

Question 24

What are the three joint classifications?

Answer 24

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

Question 25

What are the five components of synovial joints?

Answer 25

Hyaline/articular cartilage Synovial fluid Synovial membrane/synovium Joint capsule Collateral ligaments

Question 26

What are the functions of the collateral ligaments?

Answer 26

The collateral ligaments provide stability to the joint and maintain joint movement within the correct plane

Question 27

What are the four major muscle groups?

Answer 27

Epaxial muscles Hypaxial muscles Extrinsic muscles Intrinsic muscles

Question 28

What are epaxial muscles?

Answer 28

Epaxial muscles are muscles that are dorsal to the vertebral column

Question 29

What are hypaxial muscles?

Answer 29

Hypaxial muscles are muscles that are ventral to the vertebral column

Question 30

What are extrinsic muscles?

Answer 30

Extrinsic muscles are muscles which originate at the axial skeleton and insert at the appendicular skeleton

Question 31

What are intrinsic muscles?

Answer 31

Intrinsic muscles are muscles which originate at the appendicular skeleton and also insert at the appendicular skeleton

Question 32

What are the three methods of muscle attachment to bone?

Answer 32

Directly to bone Tendon Aponeurosis

Question 33

What is a tendon?

Answer 33

A tendon is a fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone

Question 34

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 34

An aperneurosis is a sheet of fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Question 35

What is a ligament?

Answer 35

A ligament is fibrous tissue that attaches bone to bone