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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > BIOCHEMISTRY - Mediators of Inflammation > Flashcards

BIOCHEMISTRY - Mediators of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five main groups of acute inflammatory mediators?

A

Vasoactive amines
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Cytokines
Chemokines
Complement proteins

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2
Q

What are inflammatory mediators produced by?

A

Immune cells
Tissue cells
Liver

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3
Q

What are the two main vasoactive amines involved in the immediate, transient, acute inflammatory response?

A

Histamine
Serotonine

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4
Q

Which cell type produces histamine?

A

Mast cells

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5
Q

What are the five possible stimuli for histamine release?

A

Trauma
Cold
Heat
Binding of IgE antibodies
Anaphylatoxins

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6
Q

Which histamine receptor is present on the surface of microvascular endothelial cells?

A

H1 receptors are present on the surface of microvascular endothelial cells

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7
Q

What are the three main roles of histamine in acute inflammation?

A

Dilation of arterioles
Increased vascular permeability
Eosinophil chemotaxis

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8
Q

List an example of a histamine inhibitor

A

H1 receptor antagonist

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9
Q

Which two cell types produce serotonine?

A

Platelets
Neuroendocrine cells

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10
Q

What is the main function of serotonine in acute inflammation?

A

Vasoconstriction

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11
Q

Which group of enzymes release arachidonic acid from cell membrane phospholipids?

A

Phospholipase enzymes

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12
Q

What are the two enzymatic pathways which metabolise free arachidonic acid?

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX)
Lipoxygenase

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13
Q

Which complement protein activates the lipoxygenase pathway?

A

C5a activates the lipoxygenase pathway

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14
Q

Which arachidonic acid metabolites are produced by the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway?

A

Prostaglandins

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15
Q

Which arachidonic acid metabolites are produced by the lipoxygenase pathway?

A

Leukotriens
Lipoxins

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16
Q

(T/F) All arachidonic acid metabolites are pro-inflammatory mediators

A

FALSE. Prostaglandins and leukotriens are pro-inflammatory mediators however lipoxins are anti-inflammatory mediators

17
Q

What are the six main roles of prostaglandins and leukotriens in acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Increased vascular permeability
Chemotaxis
Pain inducement
Fever inducement

18
Q

What is the main role of lipoxins as an anti-inflammatory mediator?

A

Inhibition of leukocyte recruitment

19
Q

What can be used to inhibit the phospholipase enzymes?

A

Steroids

20
Q

What can be used to inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway?

A

NSAIDS

21
Q

Which main cell type produces cytokines?

A

Macrophages

22
Q

What are the three possible stimuli for cytokine release?

A

Microbial products
Antigen-antibody complexes
Foreign bodies

23
Q

What are the two main roles of cytokines in acute inflammation?

A

Endothelial cell activation
Leukocyte activation

24
Q

What is the specific function of the IL-6 cytokine?

A

IL-6 stimulates local and systemic inflammation

25
Q

What is the specific function of the IL-17 cytokine?

A

IL-17 stimulates neutrophil recruitment

26
Q

What are the functions of TGF-β and IL-1 in chronic inflammation?

A

TGF-β and IL-1 terminate the immune response and stimulate fibrosis and tissue repair

27
Q

List two cytokine inhibitors

A

TNF-antagonists
Steroids

28
Q

What are the four major groups of chemokines?

A

C
CC
CXC
CX3C

29
Q

What are the two main roles of chemokines in acute inflammation?

A

Leukocyte attachment via integrins
Leukocyte migration

30
Q

Which cell type is associated with the C group of chemokines?

A

Lymphocytes

31
Q

Which four cell types are associated with the CC group of chemokines?

A

Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes

32
Q

Which cell type is associated with the CXC group of chemokines?

A

Neutrophils

33
Q

What are the two complement proteins collectively known as anaphylatoxins?

A

C3a and C5a are collectively known as anaphylatoxins

34
Q

Which complement protein promotes phagocytosis?

A

C3b promotes phagocytosis

35
Q

Which complement proteins promote cell lysis?

A

MAC complex (C5 - 9)

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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