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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > CLINICAL - Radiography > Flashcards

CLINICAL - Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

What does a Sievert measure?

A

A Sievert measures the biological effect of radiation

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2
Q

What is stochastic risk in terms of radiation?

A

Stochastic risk of ionising radiation is a chance event, with the probability of the effects increasing with cumulative dose

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3
Q

What is non-stochastic risk in terms of radiation?

A

Non-stochastic risk of ionising radiation is the health effects of radiation, the severity of which is dose dependent and for which a threshold exists

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4
Q

List two examples of somatic, non-stochastic risks of radiation

A

Cataracts
Skin burns

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5
Q

What is an x-ray tube?

A

An x-ray tube is a vacuum tube which converts electrical input power into x-rays

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6
Q

What are the two circuits of electricity required to take an X-ray?

A

Milliamperes (mA)
Kilovolts (kV)

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7
Q

What is controlled by the milliamperes-seconds (mAs) settings in regards to the primary x-ray beam?

A

mAs settings determine the quantity of x-ray photons produced

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8
Q

What is controlled by the kilovoltage (kV) settings in regards to the primary x-ray beam?

A

kV settings determine the energy of the x-ray photons as they leave the x-ray tube and thus determine the penetration of the x-ray photons

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9
Q

What are the four possible interactions between X-ray photons and tissue?

A

Transmission
Photoelectric effect
Absorption
Compton scatter

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10
Q

What is Compton scattering?

A

Compton scattering is a partial absorption reaction where the x-ray photons interact with a ‘free electron’ causing the radiation to scatter

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11
Q

Why is Compton scattering a concern in radiology?

A

Compton scattering causes photons to interact with material which was not in it’s original trajectory. This will lead to both a decreased image quality and expose the radiographer to radiation

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12
Q

Which four methods can be used to control Compton scattering in radiology?

A

Decrease the kilovolts (kV)
Collimation
Anti-scatter grids
Radiation protection (distance and shielding)

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13
Q

What is collimation?

A

Collimation is the reduction of the size of the primary x-ray beam, allowing the x-ray beam to be centred on the area of interest

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14
Q

How do anti-scatter grids control Compton scattering?

A

Anti-scatter grids are placed between the patient and the x-ray film where the primary photons will be transferred through the grid and the scattered photons will most likely be absorbed by the plates of the grid

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15
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using anti-scatter grids to control Compton scattering?

A

Anti-scatter grids require increased milliamperes-seconds (mAs) to compensate some of the x-ray beam absorption by the grid. This increases the patient’s exposure to the radiation

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16
Q

At which tissue thickness should an anti-scatter grid be used for radiography?

A

10cm and above

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17
Q

Describe the inverse-square law

A

Standing back by double the distance from a source of ionising radiation will quarter the dose of radiation you are exposed to

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18
Q

What is the personal protective equipment (PPE) used in radiography made of?

A

Lead rubber

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19
Q

(T/F) Personal protective equipment (PPE) used in radiography protects you from both the primary X-ray beam and scattered radiation

A

FALSE. Personal protective equipment (PPE) used in radiography only protects you from scattered radiation

20
Q

How regularly should radiography PPE be radiographed for cracks in the lead rubber?

A

Radiography PPE should be radiographed at least once annually to check for cracks in the lead rubber

21
Q

What should always be worn by the radiographer when taking radiographs to monitor their cumulative dose of radiation?

A

Dosimeter

22
Q

What are the three main requirements for a controlled radiographic space?

A

Printed copy of local rules based on BVA guidelines
Controlled access
Shielding

23
Q

Which six tissues have high radiosensitivity?

A

Gonads
Intestinal muscosa
Bone marrow
Lymphoid tissue
Thyroid
Breasts

24
Q

Which two tissues have moderate radiosensitivity?

A

Eye lens
Growing bone

25
Q

(T/F) It is completely legal to carry out manual restraint during small animal radiography in the UK

A

FALSE. You must have a clear clinical justification to manually restrain a small animal during a radiograph

26
Q

How does increased kilovoltage (kV) impact the quality of a radiograph image?

A

Increased kilovoltage (kV) causes the radiograph image to be overexposed

27
Q

How does decreased kilovoltage (kV) impact the quality of a radiograph image?

A

Decreased kilovolts (kV) decreases the contrast between the different tissue types on the radiograph

28
Q

How does decreased milliamperes-seconds (mAs) impact the quality of a radiograph image?

A

Decreased mAs results in the radiograph having a pale background

29
Q

What indicates that the mAs settings are correct in radiography?

A

Background blackening outside of the collimation area indicates that there are enough photons being produced and thus the mAs settings are correct

30
Q

What indicates that the kV settings are correct in radiography?

A

Contrast between the tissue types on a radiograph indicates that there is optimal photon penetration and thus the kV settings are correct

31
Q

What causes the X-ray machine itself to cause radiograph blurring?

A

Focal spot size causes blurring

32
Q

What is object to film distance (OFD)?

A

Object to film distance (OFD) is the space between the patient and the x-ray plate

33
Q

How can object to film distance (OFD) be used to reduce radiograph blurring?

A

The higher the object to film distance (OFD), the further the patient is from the plate and thus the more blurry the radiograph will be. To reduce blurring, the anatomy you are radiographing should be kept as close to the x-ray plate as possible

34
Q

What is film focal distance (FFD)?

A

Film focal distance (FFD) is the distance between the x-ray plate and x-ray tube

35
Q

What can be used to reduce patient movement during radiography?

A

General anaesthesia
Sedation
Physical restraints (sand bags etc.)

36
Q

Why should an inspiratory view of the thorax be used rather than an expiratory view during radiography?

A

An inspiratory view allows for the best assessment of the lungs whereas an expiratory view can mimic disease as well as mask lesions

37
Q

What is the main disadvantage to an inspiratory view of the thorax during radiography?

A

An inspiratory view requires the patient to be under general anaesthesia to carry out a manual breath hold

38
Q

When taking radiographs, how can you overcome superimposition?

A

Take two radiographs at a 90° angle from each other

39
Q

How are radiograph projections named?

A

Radiographs are names based on the direction the beam travels through the patient

40
Q

What is the patient convention for a lateral radiograph?

A

For a lateral radiograph, the patient’s head should be on your left as you look at the radiograph

41
Q

What is the patient convention for a dorsoventral (DV)/ventrodorsal (VD) radiograph?

A

For a DV/VD radiograph, the patient’s left should be on your right as you look at the radiograph

42
Q

When should you take oblique radiographs?

A

Oblique views can be useful when there is very thick tissue that needs to be radiographed

43
Q

What are the four radiograph views you should take when imaging equine limbs?

A

Lateromedial (LM)
Dorsopalmer/planter (DP)
Dorsolateral - plantaromedial oblique (DLPMO)
Dorsomedial - plantarolateral oblique (DMPLO)

44
Q

When taking equine limb radiographs, where should the side marker be placed?

A

When taking equine limb radiographs, the side marker should be placed on the lateral aspect of the limb

45
Q

Detail four techniques that should be used to make equine field radiography a safer procedure

A
  • Careful and continual monitoring of the area where radiography is being performed to ensure no one enters the controlled area or walks across the path of the x-ray beam
  • A lead gown or lead rubber sheet can be placed between the patient and the path of the primary x-ray beam to attenuate the beam after it has passed through the patient
  • Appropriate PPE should be used by all personnel involved in the procedure
  • Use of appropriate patient restraint to reduce the number of personnel required to be in the controlled area

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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